Introduction to LaTeX

1. Introduction to LaTeX C151 Multiuser Operating Systems

2. What is LaTex • LaTeX is a document markup language and document preparation system.

3. Why LaTeX? • LaTeX Separate contents from style • Word WYSIWYG

4. Why not MS Word?

5. Why LaTeX? • Portable and free • Professionally crafted layouts are available • The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a convenient way • Output: many different formats • Users need only to learn a few simple commands, which specify the logical structure of a document • Complex structures such as footnotes, references, table of contents, and bibliographies can be generated easily

6. Required Tools • Editor: • TeXnic • Winedt • Input file: • The input for LaTeX is a plain text file with extension “.tex” • You can create it with any text editor. • It contains: the text of the document and commands which tell LaTeX how to typeset the text. • Compiler (www.miktex.org) • Standard installation for Linux • Windows • Mac

7. Output Formats • .dvi Device Independent • .ps Post Script • .pdf PDF • .rtf Rich Text Format • .html HTML

8. Compile LaTeX • Generate a dvi file: >latexfile_name.tex • Generate a pdf file >pdflatexfile_name.tex

9. Documents Structure (1) • Every LaTeX document must contain the following three components: \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \end{document}

10. Document Structure (2) • Every input file starts with the command:\documentclass{...} • When all the setup work is done, you start the body of the text with the command:\begin{document} • Now you enter the text mixed with some useful LaTeX commands. • At the end of the document you use the\end{document}

11. \documentclass[options]{class} • First line of all LaTeX documents specifies the {type} of the document and the [stylesheet] used. • book • report • article • letter • Ready templates: IEEETrans, ACM, etc. • In general, required information is included in LaTeX commands in braces {}, while optional information is included in square brackets []. \documentclass[ieee]{article}

12. \documentclass{article}

13. \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}

14. \documentclass{report}

15. LaTeX Document Example (1) \documentclass{article} \begin{document} This is some sample text. \end{document}

16. LaTeX Document Example (2) \documentclass{article} \begin{document} During the 1960s, many large software development efforts encountered severe difficulties. Software schedules were typically late, costs greatly exceeded budgets and the finished products were unreliable. \vspace{10 mm} \noindent People began to realize that software development was a far more complex activity than they had imagined. \end{document}

17. LaTeX Document Example (2): result

18. LaTeX Document Example (3) \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \title{Hello, World! In Latex} \author{Marc Corliss} \date{2/15/2006} \maketitle Hello, World!\\ \end{document} • To add a title to a document use \title and \maketitle • \title defines the title and \maketitle inserts it into the document • \maketitle must come after \begin{document} • \maketitle usually comes before any other text • \title must come before \maketitle • To add an author and date and use \author and \date

19. LaTeX Document Example (3): result

20. Abstracts • To create an abstract, place your text in an abstract environment, i.e., between \begin{abstract} and \end{abstract} commands. • The abstract should come immediately after your \maketitle command, but before any \tableofcontents command.

21. Sections \section{Section Title} \subsection{Title} \subsubsection{Title}

22. LaTeX Document Example (4) \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \title{Hello, World! In Latex} \author{Marc Corliss} \date{2/15/2006} \maketitle \begin{abstract} This is example 4. \end{abstract} \section{Hello, World!} Hello Everyone!\\ \end{document}

23. LaTeX Document Example (4): result

24. Spaces • Whitespace characters (e.g. blank, tab, single linebreak) are treated uniformly as “space” by LaTeX. • Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one “space”. • An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a paragraph. • Several empty lines are treated in the same way as one empty line.

25. Spaces \documentclass{article} \begin{document} It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word. An empty line starts a new paragraph. \end{document}. Editor view Document view

26. Special Characters • The following symbols are reserved characters, that have a special meaning in LaTeX • $ & % # _ { } ~ ^ \ • Some of these characters can be used in your documents by adding a prefix backslash (escape character): • \$ \& \% \# \_ \{ \} • The other symbols (and many more!) can be printed with special commands in mathematical formulae.

27. LaTeX Commands • LaTeX commands are case sensitive and start with a backslash \ \documentclass{article} \begin{document} This is \emph{emphasized} text. \end{document} Editor view Document view

28. Comments • When LaTeX encounters a % character while processing an input file, it ignores the rest of the present line. • This is useful for adding notes to the input file, which will not show up in the printed version. \documentclass{article} \begin{document} This text is processed. % A comment isn’t \end{document} Editor view Document view

29. Page Styles • LaTeX supports three predefined header/footer combinations. These are known as page styles. • The style parameter of the \pagestyle{style}command defines which one to use: • plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page in the middle of the footer (default page style) • headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number on each page header. • empty - both header and footer empty

30. Hyphenation • There are four hyphens in LaTeX : • - (a single dash) is for hyphenating words. • -- (two dashes) is for ranges of numbers. • --- (three dashes) is for an honest-to-goodness dash between words. • $-$ is a minus sign in math mode.

31. Hyphenation \documentclass{article} \begin{document} My cousin-in-law lived in Germany in 1995--2006; he speaks French---really, he does. His favorite number is $-2$. \end{document} Editor view Document view

32. The LaTeX Logo • You can typeset the LATEX logo with the \LaTeX command. • As with most commands, it consumes any space behind it, so if it isn't at the end of a sentence, use \LaTeX\ instead.

33. Appearance of Words • \underline{phrase} to underline a phrase, • \textbf{phrase} to print a phrase in boldface, and • \emph{phrase} to italicize a phrase.

34. Centering Text • By default, LaTeX will start all text at the left margin. • If you want to center a title, a table, etc., surround what you want centered with the commands: \begin{center} and \end{center}.

35. LaTeX Example (5) \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \title{\LaTeX\ 1, 2, 3} \author{Liguo Yu} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \begin{center} This is an intruduction! \end{center} \section{Conclusion} Thanks for reading this \textbf{article}. \end{document}

36. LaTex Example (5): Result

37. Bulleted Lists • To create a bulleted list, surround the information with a \begin{itemize} and an \end{itemize}, and begin each item with an \item. \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{itemize} \item A bulleted item. \item Another bulleted item. \begin{itemize} \item A nested bulleted item. \end{itemize} \item You get the idea. \end{itemize} \end{document} Document view Editor view

38. Numbered Lists • To create a numbered list, surround the information with a \begin{enumerate} and an \end{enumerate}, and begin each item with an \item. \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{enumerate} \item A numbered item. \item Another numbered item. \item You get the idea. \end{enumerate} \end{document} Document view Editor view

39. Typesetting Mathematics • LaTeX has a Math mode for typesetting mathematics. • Within a paragraph, math mode is entered between $ characters, or by using the \begin{math} and \end{math} commands \documentclass{article} \begin{document} Add a squared to b squared to find c squared, e.g. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$. It’s as easy as that! \end{document} Editor view Document view

40. Typesetting Mathematics Greek Symbols \alpha, \beta, \gamma Superscript, Subscript x^yx_y x_y^z Calculus \int_0^\infty \int{\int} \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}

41. Typesetting Mathematics x = \frac{-b \pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}} {2a}

42. Figures \begin{figure} \includegraphics{sample.jpg} \caption{A sample figure.} \end{figure}

43. Example \documentclass{article} \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} \begin{document} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics{Figure1.jpg} \caption{Depiction of the production of kernel-based software} \end{figure} \end{document} Compile: pdflatexfile_name

44. Result

45. Tabular Two Columns • Columns • \begin{tabular}{|…|…|} • \end{tabular} • Rows • & - Split text into columns • \\ - End a row • \hline - Draw line under row l = automatically adjust size, left justify r = automatically adjust size, right justify p = set size e.g p{4.7cm} c = centre text

46. Example of table \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|} \hline Date & Price & Size \\ \hline Yesterday & 5 & Big \\ \hline Today & 3 & Small \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{document} Editor view Document view

47. Bibliographies • Articles can be referred to in the text using the \cite command • The details of the cited articles are stored in BibTeX format, in a “.bib” file. • BibTeX resolves the citations in the LaTeX file and generates the required bibliography

48. Bibliographies • Example entries from test.bib file: @book{AhR1975, author = {N. Ahmed and K. Rao}, title = {Digital signal processing}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, year = {1975}, address = {New York}, } @inproceedings{Aus1989, author = {James Austin and A. Phantom and B. Nom}, title = {High Speed Neural Networks},booktitle = {IEE Image Processing and Applications}, year = {1989}, pages = {28--32},}

49. test.tex file \documentclass[12]{article} \begin{document} \title{Work Study 1, 2, 3} \author{Liguo Yu} \date{\today} \maketitle \section{Introduction} This is an intruduction! \section{Result} By far the most commonly used feature is presented by \cite{Aus1989}and \cite{Ahr1975}. \section{Conclusion} Thanks for reading this article. \bibliographystyle{abbrv} \bibliography{test} \end{document}

50. Compile LaTeX • We need to compile .tex and .bib separately and combine the output together to generate a PDF file >latex test (compile .tex file) >bibtex test (compile .bib file) >pdflatex test (geberate .pdf file) • Might need to run several rounds to successfully combine them