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Quick Review: Four Kinematic Equations Free Fall

Quick Review: Four Kinematic Equations Free Fall. Four Kinematic Equations. Constant acceleration - an object will change its velocity by the same amount each second. You must have constant acceleration to use the four kinematic equations. Δx = ½(v i + v f ) Δt v f = v i + a Δt

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Quick Review: Four Kinematic Equations Free Fall

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  1. Quick Review: Four Kinematic EquationsFree Fall

  2. Four Kinematic Equations • Constant acceleration - an object will change its velocity by the same amount each second. • You must have constant acceleration to use the four kinematic equations. • Δx = ½(vi + vf) Δt • vf = vi + a Δt • Δx = vi Δt + ½ a(Δt)2 • vf2 = vi2 + 2 a Δx

  3. Four Kinematic Equations • There are always 4 variables • To use these equations you guess and check. • Remember to always do 4 things: • Draw a diagram • Write what you know • Write what you need • Guess and check • Let’s practice…

  4. Free Fall • Is when an object is falling under the sole influence of gravity • known as “acceleration due to gravity” = g • g = 9.81m/s2 • There are slight variations that are affected by altitude, we will ignore this.

  5. Free Fall • g is independent of 3 things: • time it’s been falling • mass of the object • if it started at rest or not • Terminal Velocity – speed when the force of air resistance is equal and opposite to the force of gravity.

  6. Working Backwards • It all works backward as well. • If a ball is thrown straight up: • It will decelerate at 9.81m/s2 • At the top of it’s path the ball “hangs” in mid air. • At bottom of it’s path the balls velocity is equal to vi • See Diagram….

  7. Part 1.Motion of Objects Projected Horizontally

  8. Introduction • Projectile Motion: Motion through the air without a propulsion • Examples:

  9. Projectile Motion Keep it simple by considering motion close to the surface of the earth for the time being Neglect air resistance to make it simpler

  10. Projectiles • A projectile has only one force acting upon - the force of gravity • Examples: golf, soccer ball, bullet, rock dropped, javelin thrower …

  11. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory Trajectory: the flight path of a projectile • Angle of projection • Projection speed • Relative height of projection

  12. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory Angle of Projection • General shapes • Perfectly vertical • Parabolic • Perfectly horizontal • Implications in sports • Air resistance may cause irregularities

  13. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory Projection speed: • Range: • horizontal displacement. • For oblique projection angles, speed determines height and range. • For vertical projection angle, speed determines height.

  14. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory Relative Projection Height: • Difference between projection and landing height • Greater the relative projection height, longer the flight time, greater the displacement.

  15. Projectile Motion The path (trajectory) of a projectile is a parabola Describe the motion of an object in TWO dimensions Vertical - vY Horizontal - vX Horizontal and vertical motion are independent (90°)

  16. Projectile Motion Horizontal Motion of a ball rolling freely along a level surface Horizontal velocity is ALWAYS constant The horizontal component of it’s velocity does not change. vX is constant

  17. Projectile Motion Vertical Motion of a freely falling object Force due to gravity Vertical component of velocity changes with time

  18. Package drop • The package follows a parabolic path and remains directly below the plane at all times • The vertical velocity changes (faster, faster) • The horizontal velocity is constant!

  19. Trajectory and Range • Maximum range is at 45° • Low and high trajectory cover the same distance. • 30 and 60 • 10 and 80 • 25 and…

  20. The path (trajectory)of a projectile is a parabola Parabolic motion of a projectile

  21. y v0 x

  22. y x

  23. y x

  24. y x

  25. y x

  26. y • y-motion is accelerated • Acceleration is constant, and downward • a = g = -9.81m/s2 • The horizontal (x) component of velocity is constant • The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other, but they have a common time g = -9.81m/s2 x

  27. Experiment What do you think? Which ball will hit the ground first? a) The left ball will hit firstb) The right ball will hit firstc) They will hit the ground at the same time.

  28. Projectiles

  29. Both balls hit the ground at the same time. Why? As soon as both balls are released by the launcher, they are in "freefall. The only force acting on both objects is gravity. Both objects accelerate at the same rate, 9.8m/s2 Both objects covering the same distance at the same rate and therefore hit the ground at the same time

  30. Equations • X- Component • Y- Component Note: g= 9.8 m/s^2

  31. ANALYSIS OF MOTION • ASSUMPTIONS: • x-direction (horizontal): uniform motion • y-direction (vertical): accelerated motion • no air resistance • QUESTIONS: • What is the trajectory? • What is the total time of the motion? • What is the horizontal range? • What is the final velocity? • What is the initial velocity?

  32. Example: Projectiles launched horizontally • What is the total time of the motion? • What is the horizontal range? • What is the final velocity? • What is the initial velocity? • The Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado rises 321 m above the Arkansas River. Suppose you kick a rock horiaontally off the bridge. The magnitude of the rock’s horizontal displacement is 45m How long does it take the rock to hit the ground? What speed did you have to initially have to kick the rock? How fast was the rock going before hitting the ground?

  33. Example: Projectiles launched horizontally • What is the total time of the motion? • What is the horizontal range? • What is the final velocity? • What is the initial velocity? • People in movies often jump from buildings into pools. If a person jumps horizontally from the 10th floor(30m) to a pool that is 5m away from the building, how long does it take for him to hit the water in the pool? What initial speed must the person jump to make it? What is the final velocity of the person before he hits the water’s surface.

  34. Let’s try pg 99 practice D

  35. Board Work • Erica kicks a soccer ball 12 m/s at horizontally from the edge of the roof of a building which is 30.0 m high. 2. A ball thrown horizontally from the roof of a building lands 36m from the base of the building. Just before impact the ball had a velocity of 25m/s. 3. A boy kicked a can horizontally from a 6.5 m high rock with a speed of 4.0 m/s. 4.A car drives straight off the edge of a cliff that is 54 m high. The police at the scene of the accident note that the point of impact is 130 m from the base of the cliff.

  36. Part 2.Motion of objects projected at an angle

  37. y Initial velocity: vi = vi [Θ] Velocity components: x- direction : vix = vi cos Θ y- direction : viy = vi sin Θ viy vi θ x vix Initial position: x = 0, y = 0

  38. y a = g = - 9.81m/s2 • Motion is accelerated • Acceleration is constant, and downward • a = g = -9.81m/s2 • The horizontal (x) component of velocity is constant • The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other, but they have a common time x

  39. ANALYSIS OF MOTION: • ASSUMPTIONS • x-direction (horizontal): uniform motion • y-direction (vertical): accelerated motion • no air resistance • QUESTIONS • What is the trajectory? • What is the total time of the motion? • What is the horizontal range? • What is the maximum height? • What is the final velocity?

  40. Equations of motion:

  41. Equations • X- Component • Y- Component

  42. Example: Projectiles launched @ an angle Erica kicks a soccer ball 12 m/s at an angle of 40 degrees above the horizontal. *Don’t forget to draw your chart* What are the x and y components of the vi? How long does it take the ball to hit the ground? What is the max height the ball travels? How far does she kick the ball?

  43. Example: Projectiles launched @ an angle An archer needs to be sure to shoot over the wall of the castle. He raises his bow at an angle of 65° and fires his arrow with an initial velocity of 43m/s. *Don’t forget to draw your chart* What are the x and y components of the vi? How long does it take the arrow to hit the ground? What is the max height the arrow travels? How far does the archer shoot the arrow?

  44. vi 2 sin (2Θ) (-g) Projectile Motion – Final Equations (0,0) – initial position, vi = vi [Θ]– initial velocity, g = -9.81m/s2 2 vi sinΘ (-g) vi2sin2Θ 2(-g)

  45. PROJECTILE MOTION - SUMMARY • Projectile motion is motion with a constant horizontal velocity combined with a constant vertical acceleration • The projectile moves along a parabola

  46. The monkey and the zookeeper!! • A golfer practices driving balls off a cliff and into the water below. The dege of the cliff is 15m above the water. If the golf ball is launched at 51m/s at and angle of 15°, how far does the ball travel horizontally before hitting the water?

  47. The monkey and the zookeeper!! • A zookeeper finds an escaped monkey hanging from a light pole. Aiming her tranquilizer gun at the monkey, she kneels 10m away from the light pole, which is 5m high. The tip of her gun is 1m above the ground. At the same moment that monkey drops a banana, the zookeeper shoots. If the dart travels at 50m/s, will the dart hit the monkey, the banana, or neither one?

  48. PROJECTILE MOTION - SUMMARY Review for Test 2 • Pg 109 # 2, 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37 • Pg 69 # 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 46

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