IInequalities, development and undevelopment

1. IInequalities, development and undevelopment Introduction/ definition I- A wide range of poverty to wealth II- The criteria for measuring these inequalitiesIII- Symptoms of poverty IV- The causes of the wealth gap V- Diversity within the South and the North Conclusion Help

2. introduction  Today, in the world, great wealth disparities are existing between countries and individuals. These gaps have widened in the twentieth century. We are talking aboutmulti-track world to characterize this diversity. Definitions  HDI: Acronym for the UN, pointing to the Human Development Index. The HDI measures the living conditions of inhabitants of a country. It takes into accountlife expectancy , literacy and schooling rates and incomes (GDP)of a population. It is measured from 0 to 1, the greater the higher the population status is satisfied (France 0.946). LDCs: Less Developed Countries. GNP per inhabitants. : Gross National Product per inhabitants is the total production of a country in one year, divided by the number of inhabitants.

3. I- A wide range of poverty to wealth Across the world there is an opposition between the developed countries, called North (they are mostly in the northern hemisphere, apart from Australia and New Zealand), and those of the Third World or South. Developed countries are rich countries, which enjoy a high level of development. Instead, the South facing many problems and the majority of their populations are very poor. • the limit North/South

4. ►Across continents, there are also wide gaps in wealth. So North America is very rich, while Latin America is essentially composed of poor countries. Similarly, within each continent, major differences are emerging: for example, in Europe, Romania is much poorer than Switzerland. ►At country level, it is often rich regions and poor regions coexist. This is the case in Italy: the North, which constitutes the heart of economic and industrial countries, is very rich on the contrary, those in the South, more rural, are significantly more disadvantaged (high unemployment). ►In large cities there are rich neighborhoods and poor areas, sometimes very close. Thus, in Mexico City slums are adjacent to modern buildings. In New York, the business center, Manhattan, is close to the poor black neighborhood, Harlem.

5. II- The criteria for measuring these inequalities • - The wealth gaps between countries are measured using the GNP by inhabitants. This indicator of international comparison, but it is a measure of the wealth of the people only in terms of total national wealth, it gives no indication on the living conditions of inhabitants.

6. - To evaluate the living conditions of populations, using the HDI. Again, the differences are very strong among developed countries like Canada (highest HDI in the world) and the third world like India (where the HDI is lower).

7. III- Symptoms of poverty • - The countries of the South are experiencing significant social and economic problems linked to weak state revenues and citizens. The Third World populations have a lot of problems: ► famine, malnutrition (poor nutrition) frequent; ►Health: high infant mortality, low life expectancy;►Education: literacy rates are often low because the state lacks the means to educate the large number of children and parents can not send them to school; ►Employment: Unemploymentis very important, especially as the proportion of young adults (seeking work) is higher in the population. Many are forced to work illegally or engage in odd jobs; ►Housing: The living conditions are very difficult, families are forced to live in shantytowns, many without access to clean water or electricity. ►Companies in developing countries are very unequal: a small rich minority and a large poor majority, who live in very precarious conditions, coexist. These gross inequalities occur particularly in large cities.

8. IV- The causes of the wealth gap •   - The differences between countries (or regions) rich and poor can be explained by • ► The geographical causes climate , the terrain (desert, mountains…),Natural disasters, The unequal distribution of natural resources (such as water, oil) ► The historical causes, economic and political industrial revolution, which took place in Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century. Instead, Third World countries have not experienced this phase-. the backwardness of some of these countries is because of the colonization by European countries. - Some impoverished countries are because of the war wich causes economic problems (Afghanistan , Irak ) ►The demographic causes  - High population growth can also be a factor that aggravates the economic problems. Indeed, it is difficult for a poor state to support a large population (education, health ...). - However, a large population can also be useful to the economy as the United States because it is a large consumer market and it creates lot of workers.

9. V- Diversity within the South and the North • ► The third world is becoming more diverse •  The LDCs are the poorest countries in the world. Their population is facing many problems and is experiencing very precarious living conditions. - Other countries, like China, are try to grope their way out of poverty. The standard of living of the population rises and improved conditions of life (literacy, increased life expectancy, improved calorie intake ...). - Countries with substantial resources of oil, like Saudi Arabia, have experienced a rapid and dramatic enrichment. Most of their inhabitants live in very good condition. - Some countries, known as NPI (or emerging), are experiencing rapid growth based on industry, with a low cost of labor. The standard of living is similar to that of the least developed countries in Europe. However, this success is fragile. • ► The North is less diverse  - Major economic powers that make up the Triad are rich countries. Their population has a high standard of living, which gives them access to consumption and live comfortably. But these countries also face problems such as unemployment or exclusion. A portion of the population is poor (13% poor in the U.S.). - Some countries, largely agricultural economy, are somewhat less affluent, such as Greece. The conditions of living are still satisfactory. -Northern countries represent 2O % of the population and consume 80% of the wealth.

10. conclusion : Today's world has a very wide range from poverty to wealth. These disparities tend to increase. These economic and social inequalities are growing.

11. Help ;) • Gaps : écarts • Multi-track : différents rythmes • HDI : IDH, indice de développement humain • Life expectancy : espérance de vie • Literacy rate : taux d’alphabétisation • Incomes : revenus • LDCs : PMA, pays les moins avancés • GNP : PNB, produit national brut • Wealth : richesse • Unemployement : chômage • Backwardness : retard • try to grope their way out of poverty : essayer de sortir de la pauvreté • Labor : main d’oeuvre