PART A: January 17

1. PART A: January 17 9:00 AM Library

2. Things to Remember • Identify the ideological perspective presented by the source • Analyze the source • Eg. I think that the speaker in the source is describing as system that… • Which philosophers would have agreed with the source and why?

3. Plan your essay Make a web Budget your time

4. Use specific examples to support your argument Specific evidence and facts are great BUT connect them to your argument

5. Identify the less desirable alternatives • Eg. part of a citizens responsibility is to vote • If citizens do not or cannot vote a dictatorship could develop • Specific examples include…

6. Citizens need to support social programs • Examples of a time when we didn’t? • Why did we begin to support social welfare programs?

7. Read the directions!! Watch the clock If writing on the computer staple any informal planning sheets to the exam booklet

8. Relax

9. What to know for the exam? Study major events, important case studies, political and economic systems and think about potential questions The source will display a specific ideological perspective – your job is to support or oppose the perspective presented

10. For the source comparison questions Analyze the source in detail Explain why you have drawn the conclusions that you have If it is an image or a cartoon, explain the clues that lead you to identify a perspective or an ideology

11. Possible essay topics?? To what extent should the government intervene in the economy/lives of the people? To what extent should a government reflect the will of the people? To what extent does ideological conflict shape the world we live in? To what extent is liberalism a viable ideology? To what extent should liberalism be imposed on others? What is the role of the citizen in society? To what extent should we balance the principles of individualism with the principles of collectivism?

12. MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS TO KNOW Development of classical liberalism – Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Industrial Revolution, Free market capitalism, laissez-faire economics Opposition to classical liberalism – Chartism, Socialism, Luddites

13. Great Depression Keynesian Economics New Deal Modern Liberalism/Welfare State

14. Rejections of liberalism – Nazism, Communism Ideological conflict on the world stage (Nazi Germany, Communist Russia) Modern Evolution of liberalism – environmentalism, neo-conservatism, NGO’s

15. Monetarism – Friedman, Hayek, Reaganomics Imposition of liberalism – aboriginals, colonialism, Cold War Illiberalism – war measures act, patriot act, cctv, Liberalist/socialist aspects of modern Canada/U.S. – Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Bill of Rights – representative governments, will of the people Citizenship – responsibilities, duties

16. What Do You Believe About Human Nature? Is man basically good, evil or something in between? Thomas Hobbes (17th century) - man is evil and needs a strong ruler to control. If not, will destroy himself John Locke (18th Century) - Man is basically good, and government main purpose it to provide security John Jacque Rousseau - Man is born innocent, but is corrupted by the constraints of society

17. Influential Ideologies of the 20th Century • Liberalism (John Locke/John Stuart Mill) • Conservatism (Edmond Burke) • Capitalism (Adam Smith) • Communism (Karl Marx) • Fascism (Benito Mussolini / Adolf Hitler) • Anarchism (Petr Kropotkin) • You will need to know the basic values and beliefs of each of these important ideologies.

18. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • Lived during the English Civil War • Bitter struggle between king and Parliament • Ended with King Charles I beheading • A republic was formed under Oliver Cromwell • Government tyrannized the people • Brutally punished anyone who disagreed • Events profoundly influenced Hobbes • Believed that human nature was characterized by: • Fear, violence, and dangerous self-interest • Extreme individualism

19. If everyone was free then everyone was in danger • We all need security more than freedom • Solution: society where people gave up his or her freedom • To a dictator or monarch • Who was in turn responsible for everyone’s security

20. John Locke (1632 – 1704) • Believed that people were rational (unlike Hobbes), intelligent, and reasonable • Most people believed that power rested with God and the King • Who was chosen by God and therefore had absolute power • Doctrine known as the divine right of kings • Locke believed differently • Source of power was the people themselves • Individuals possess the ability to be reasonable and make rational decisions

21. Only reason government exists is to protect life, liberty, and property • Which was why people give up their natural state of freedom • To enter a civil society • Any government action had to be justified by popular consent of the people • This concept set Locke apart from most thinkers of the time • In essence believed in democracy • Why his theories were used by the Americans when they formed their own government after the revolution

22. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Interested in the common good • People are inherently good • But have been corrupted by civilization and society • Humans are naturally free and equal in principle • Private property and ownership of land led to jealousy and corruption • People lost their compassion for one another and became selfish • Lived and wrote in France during the oppressively rigid class structure and autocratic government led by the king

23. Wanted to strip humans of all aspects that were results of the influence of society • Wanted to return to a state of humans being good and equal • Ideal state was one where the general will of the people was the absolute authority • Opposed to representative democracy • Small group of politicians are elected to make decisions by the general population of voters • Felt citizens should make the laws themselves directly

24. Principles of Liberalism Individual rights and freedoms exercised in the individual’s self-interest Humans are reasonable and can make rational decisions that will benefit both themselves and society as whole Economic freedom (private property and markets without government intervention) Protection of civil liberties Constitutional limitations on the government

25. Liberalism as a Individualist Ideology • Principles of Individualism • Rule of law • Individual rights and freedoms • Private property • Economic freedom • Self-interest • Competition

26. Origins of Classical Liberalism • Renaissance and Reformation: sparked a belief in the importance of the individual • Renaissance: Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman thinking • Reformation: Faith in the rationality of the individual and not in the hierarchical concentration of religious power within the Roman Catholic Church • Enlightenment/Age of Reason – late 17th century and early 18th century – collectively promoted the beliefs of classical liberalism • Humanism: Ideology that developed an interpretation of history and beliefs about human nature, the structure of society, all based on reason rather than religion • Humanists sought meaning and purpose in love, beauty, art, and the development of self While Enlightenment thinkers believed that these new ideas could lead to freer and tolerant societies, the ideas were not widely accepted because they challenged the established foundations of society. Classical liberalism stresses the importance of human rationality, values political freedoms, holds freedom to be the basic standard in economics, and a free market that operates with limited government intervention.

27. Application of Principles of Liberalism • Many pivotal events of the 19th century demonstrate the application of classical liberalism: • Industrial Revolution • Capitalism • Class system • Role of government in society

28. Overview

30. Welfare State The movement from welfare capitalism to a welfare state was spurred by the Great Depression A welfare state is a state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability. The Great Depression became a catalyst for change, and what began to emerge was modern liberalism as we know it today

31. Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes—British economist Recession deepened through the 1930s Observing this, Keynes believed that classical liberal economic theory was based on a fundamental error. He believed that when supply and demand were in balance, that this would not necessarily result in full employment, etc.

33. The “New Deal” Franklin D. Roosevelt (Theodore Roosevelt’s distant cousin) was president of the United States from 1933-1945 He was the first to convert to Keyne’s theories He implemented massive public works programs to put people to work He called it the “New Deal,” an echo of Theodore Roosevelt’s “square deal.” This represented the beginning of a shift to the welfare state and a mixed economy (capitalism with government intervention)

34. Why did ideologies that rejected liberalism emerge? • The two most influential ideologies to reject liberalism were communism and fascism • Both are totalitarian forms of government • Both employ complete control over public and private lives of the citizens

35. Rejections of Liberalism • Totalitarianism in both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were rejections of the beliefs and values of liberalism • Embraced • the collective • All powerful state • Individual servitude to the state • Rejected • the worth of the individual • limited government

36. Stalin Policies Created Gulags (Prison camps) for those who opposed him. Secret police used to control the people by terror. – Great Purge Rewriting of history to display a state view of Russian history. Five Year Plans – to increase production private farms taken by force for collective use. Centralization of economic power Holodomor – 7-10 million starved in Ukraine – crushed opposition

37. Stalin’s Policies cont. • Stalin introduced a series of Five Year Plans • These plans essentially aimed to increase production by 20% a year in many industries • Stalin centralized economic power in order to do this, eliminating some capitalist practices that had been introduced by Lenin such as small business ownership

38. The Great Purge • A period of extreme political repression under Stalin • Opposition was executed or exiled • Between 1936 – 1938 nearly 2 million people were arrested for counterrevolutionary activities • Often sent to the forced labour camps in Siberia known as the Gulag • Throughout Soviet rule tens of millions of were sent there

39. HolodomorPlanned famine to suppress Ukrainian opposition 1932-33 Ukraine experienced a drought. Stalin with held grain supplies in what is now considered to be a planned famine. Somewhere b/w 7 & 10 million starved. The government recognizes Holodomor as an act of genocide. Stalin did this to ruthlessly crush opposition from the state.

40. Rejecting Liberalism • Political Ideas • Cult of the leader and elite rule. • Extreme nationalism. • Organized violence and military force. • Territorial expansion as national interest Nazi Fascism • Economic Ideas • Government directed private enterprise • economy to serve the needs of the state. • Anti-union and anti-workers’ rights. • Social Ideas • Inequalities b/w individuals & groups. • Racial purity. • Racial/national superiority. • National strength more important than • individuals.

41. Changing Perspectives on Economics Stagflation adversely effected the British economy; in 1976, the British government was forced to borrow US$3.9 billion from the International Monetary Fund. Inflation caused the cost of running social programs to increase, yet the slowing of the economy meant governments collected less tax revenue. The result was an increasing deficit and no means to repay the debt. See British Prime Minister James Callaghan’s speech and the chart on American inflation on page 217.

42. Introducing... Monetarism!! This theory holds that control of a country’s money supply is the best means to encourage economic growth and limit unemployment and inflation. Essentially, it reflected a return to the principles of liberalism through the application of classical liberal laissez-faire policies. Premiers Ralph Klein (Alberta), Mike Harris (Ontario), and Prime Minister Stephen Harper attempted to undo interventionist policies of previous governments.

43. In Times Of Recession… In Times of Inflation… • The unrestricted market will eventually bring inflation under control • Reduce corporate taxes • Creates more profit • Acts as incentive to enter business • Reduce public income tax • Increases public’s incentive to work • Provides more money to spend • Increased production creates demand • Supply-siders insist that increased demand for goods and services must come from the private sector, not from government spending.

44. Cold War Social Studies 30-1

45. Policy of Containment United States should contain the spread of communism Eventually the Soviet system would crumble Containment would be achieved through defensive strategies, not military confrontation. U.S.S.R. would not like this policy as it impacts its own sphere of influence

46. The Marshall Plan Soviet expansion into Europe was alarming for the United States. The U.S.A. realized that an economically devastated Western Europe would have a difficult time defending themselves from potential Soviet aggression. The Marshall plan provided funds for the reconstruction of the European nations outside the Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviets and those states in its sphere of influence had also been offered the aid. The program extended $13.2 billion in aid from 1948-1952. Standard of living began to increase in Western Europe, not so in the east

47. Berlin Wall

48. Deterrence and MAD Arms Race following the atomic bombs of W.W.II Proliferation of nuclear weapons (other nations) MAD (mutually assured destruction) (nuclear) weapons used as a deterrent. Deterrence involves building up of one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the known destructive nature of the outcome.

49. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 – Khrushchev has idea of putting nuclear missiles on Cuba Cuba is alright with it – Bay of Pigs, Soviet aid October – U2’s find missile sites on Cuba What to do? Direct Invasion or AirstrikeDiplomacy Middle of the Road – Blockade Kennedy announces blockades Blockade is technically and act of war

50. Brinkmanship