The Organization of Life

1. The Organization of Life Ecosystems: Everything is Connected

2. Ecosystem • All of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment.

3. Components of an Ecosystem • Abiotic—nonliving parts of the ecosystem. including air, water, rocks, sand, light, weather, and temperature • Biotic—living and once living parts of an ecosystem.

4. Organism—individual living thing • Species—group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce offspring. • Population—all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time • Community—a group of various species that live in the saqqme place and interact with each other • Habitat--the place an organism lives

5. In-Class Work—Team of Two • Consider the following: honeybees, sunflowers, earthworms, red-winged blackbirds, and moles. • Brainstorm and draw a possible ecosystem using these organisms. • Label at least three interactions • Put your names, hour, date in upper right corner and turn in by end of the hour.

6. Evolution • Natural Selection • Adaptation • Artificial Selection • Evolution of Resistance

7. Natural Selection • Over many generations natural selection causes the characteristics of populations to change. • Darwin and Fossils --remains of extinct species from which modern species evolved.

8. Traits were the Key • Organism produce more offspring than can survive. • Result: periods of more diversity in food

9. Environment is Hostile • Environment contains things and situations that can kill organisms, and the resources needed to live, such as food and water, are limited. • Name an example.

10. Survival of the Fittest What does this mean to you? • The fittest is one that survives to pass its genes on, is the one most adapted to its current or changing environment. It doesn’t necessarily mean it has to fight to survive.

11. Organisms Differ in Traits • Resistance to disease • Coloration • Size • And so on….

12. Inherited Traits are an Advantage • Coping with Environmental Challenges • “naturally selected for” • Survive longer and produce more offspring

13. Each Generation contains proportionately more organisms • Trait changes show up in greater proportion of offspring than previous generations.

14. Adaptations • Inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment.

15. Adaptations due to Climate Change • Polar Bears have been documented as mating with Grizzly Bears • The result are Prizzly Bears or  grolar bears Hybrids are not a protected species, because they are not considered polar bears. For hunters, on the other hand, their rarity makes them an especially coveted trophy

16. Animals of the Prairie

17. Darwin’s Finches Activity Form Four groups for four different species of finch’s bills: • A. Thin • B. Medium • C. Small and powerful • D. Large and powerful Draw Cards to simulate food types

18. Build an Ecosystem “hand” • Hearts—shelter 3 • Diamonds—space 1 • Clubs—food 3 • Spades—water 2

19. Adapted (civilized) Crops • Corn was once a grass (teosinte) • Cotton • Tomatoes • Chili peppers • Tobacco • Pineapple • Squash • avocadoes

20. Coevolution • Organisms that adapt to other organisms as well as to their physical environment. • Bird developed a curved thin beak to reach nectar; flower developed to ensure pollen would get onto head as it sips nectar

21. Artificial Selection • Selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics.

22. Resistance Evolution • Ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a particular chemical design to kill it. • A. Billbug B. Sugar Cane Beetle

23. 1. Insect pests are sprayed with an insecticide. Only a few resistant ones survive. • 2. The survivors pass on the trait for resistance to offspring. • 3. When the same insecticide is used again, more insects survive.

24. Diversity of Living Things • Bacteria • Fungi • Protists • Plants • Animals

25. Bacteria • Archaebacteria—live in harsh environments like hot springs • Eubacteria—very common throughout terrestrial and aquatic environments.

26. Fungus • All fungi absorb their food (after breaking it down chemically) from their surroundings. • Some fungi causes diseases (Athlete’s foot) • Other fungi add flavor to food (blue cheese or yeast to produce gas to make bread rise)

27. Protists • either they are unicellular, or they are multicellular without specialized tissues. • This simple cellular organization distinguishes the protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals and plants.

28. Plants-Gymosperms • Gymosperms means “naked sperm” • do not produce flowers barring a few exceptions. • heterosporous which means that they produce different male and female spores. The microspores develop into pollen grains and the megaspores are in an ovule. • produce cones. • do not bear fruits. • propagate via wind pollination

29. Plants--Angiosperms Angiosperms are “vessel seed”—flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit—rely on insects to spread pollen

30. Angiosperm Challenge Get into groups of four (4) people At the signal, you have three minutes to write down everything that is a product (fruit) of an angiosperm.

31. Six Kingdoms of Life • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Fungi • Protista • Plants • Animals

32. Archaebacteria • Single-celled, lack nuclei, live in extreme environments, also known as extremophiles • An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in and may even require physically or geochemicallyextreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.

33. Eubacteria Single-celled, lack nuclei; domain of the germs

34. Fungi • Have cell walls, absorb food through body surface; primary purpose is as a decomposer; a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

35. Protists Mostly single-celled, most live in water; are a diverse group of eukaryoticmicroorganisms either they are unicellular, or they are multicellular without specialized tissues.

36. Plants • Multi-celled, photosynthesize food, have cell walls; angiosperms and gymnosperms

37. Animals Invertebrates-lack backbones • 95% of all animal species • Arachnids (spiders) Crustaceans • Insects Protozoa • Annelids (worms, leeches) • Mollusks Echindoderms (starfish)

38. Let’s do the Math • Suppose an insect lays 80 eggs on a plant. If 70% of the eggs hatch and 80% of those that hatch die before reaching adulthood, how many insects will reach adulthood? 80 eggs x 0.7 = 56 hatchlings 56 x (1-0.8) = 11 survive to reach adulthood

39. Insects • More insects exist on Earth than any other animal Successful because…. • Have waterproof external skeleton • Small size means less food needed • Reproduce quickly • Move quickly

40. Vertebrates Can you name the groups? Amphibians—toads, frogs, salamanders Reptiles—snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles Birds—warm blooded with feathers, birth in eggs Mammals—warm blooded with fur, feed their young milk, live birth