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Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France

Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France. History 404 – Chapter 4 Mr. Wilson. Context. 1534 - Arrival of Jacques Cartier When did the French Regime begin? 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec

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Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France

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  1. Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New France History 404 – Chapter 4 Mr. Wilson

  2. Context • 1534 - Arrival of Jacques Cartier • When did the French Regime begin? • 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec • At first the colony was administered by the companies that had rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade. • These companies paid a Governor who was in control.

  3. Context • What happened in 1663? • King Louis XIV (absolute ruler of France) made New France a royal province. • He removed the companies from administration & replaced it with The Royal Government.

  4. Political Power in New France Known as: the Royal Government

  5. Political Power in New France • Royal Governmentestablished in 1663 • Inspired by administrative system in France • Part of the French regime’sabsolutemonarchy

  6. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  7. Political Power in New France What was the Sovereign Council? • Highest court in New France • Certain legislative and executive power • Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop , and a few councillors

  8. Political Power in New France What did the Sovereign Council do? • Registered royal edicts (orders) and put them into effect • Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts • They also issued statutes (laws) • Ex. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!

  9. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  10. Political Power in New France Who was the Bishop? • Responsibilities: • religious affairs (education, hospitals) • His position gave the Catholic Church a lot of political power in New France François de Montmorency-Laval

  11. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  12. Political Power in New France Who was the Governor General? • Represented the king of France in New France • Responsibilities: • Military • Foreign relations • He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil

  13. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  14. Political Power in New France Who was the Intendant? • Responsibilities: • Justice • Internal affairs • Finances (money!) • Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH Jean Talon

  15. THINK… • What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system? • Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant

  16. Power Struggles • The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement • But, sometimes the Governor could overrun the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the king. • Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. IntendantDuchesneau

  17. Power Struggles • The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending • Since he controlled money, this gave him some power over the Governor

  18. The Royal Government King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Sovereign Council Governor General Bishop Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens

  19. Political Power in New France Who were the Captains of the Militia? • They were named by the Governor General • Responsibilities: • military training in defence of the colony • informing the population of the Intendant’s decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council

  20. What was the relationship between the Church and the State? • The administration of the colony was under strict supervision of the church. • Those in charge of the colony were expected to listen to the Catholic Church – that’s why the Bishop was on the Council.

  21. Who was François de Laval? • He held the most superior position in the Catholic clergy at the time the royal government was set up. • He was named archbishop of the diocese in 1694. • He was named by the king and pledged the oath of allegiance.

  22. Who was François de Laval? • He enforced the tithe. • He nominated priests and missionaries. • He had a seat on the Sovereign Council • He could influence the king . • In other words, He had considerable influence on the state.

  23. Relationship between the Church and the State: • François de Laval had a HUGE amount of power- because he controlled the religious population AND education as well. • At one point, he even superseded the Governor General on the issue of Eau-de-Vie with the Amerindians.

  24. Relationship between the Church and the State: • “Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].” -François de Laval, 1674.

  25. What was the Relationship between the Church and the State? • In the 18th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminishedwhen they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council. • After this, it was the state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe and to authorise the formation of new parishes and new religious communities.

  26. What was the importance of the Church? • The church held an important place in the administration of the colony. • All public functionswere reserved for candidates who could provide a certificate of Catholicism signed by their priests. • Examples of public functions...

  27. What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians? • 17th century: The French vs. The Amerindians • Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade. • The First Nations provided furs to the French. • In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians. • This type of trade is known as bartering.

  28. What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians? • While these 2 groups would be trading, the Governors had to work as diplomats and strategists. • Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.

  29. What were the conflicts between the State and the Amerindians? • Problems within the tribes of the Amerindians... • E.G.: the conflict between the Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians. • This war hurt the Fur Trade, threatened the lives of the colonists and led to the building of forts in order to insure the safety of towns like Quebec and Ville-Marie.

  30. This new wave of violence led to... The Great Peace of Montreal, 1701.

  31. What was the Great Peace of Montreal? • The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace. • It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.

  32. What was the Great Peace of Montreal? • It took place on August 4, 1701. • 30 different Amerindian Nations were present and 1300 people were in attendance. • End result: • The French recognized the Iroquois’ right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutralbetween the French and the British.

  33. Document & Questions.... • Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives: •  "I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].   • a) What event is taking place while de Calliere is speaking? What year is it?  • b) What clue indicated de Calliere's desire to recognize Amerindian customs?

  34. Movie: The Great Peace of Montreal-1701 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25m93JVO7kw

  35. What was the relationship between the Colony and the Mother Country? • The colony (New France) had to follow orders from their mother country (France) • The king of France had the final say • France was interested in the colony because it gave them MONEY

  36. What was the relationship between the Colony and the Mother Country? • Ex. 1: • Intendant Jean-Talon and the king had different ideas • Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy • But the king did not allow it!

  37. What was the relationship between the Colony and the Mother Country? • Ex. 2: • Even though the Governor was responsible for foreign relations, France had the final say on peace and war • That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension – territories in New France were given to Britain to obtain peace.

  38. The Last Word What happened in 1763? • Peace of Paris (British take over) • Powerrelationshipsin Canada were dramatically modified: • The Royal Government eliminated • Catholic Church had less influence • New administration put into place

  39. Review • What occurred in 1663? Royal Government!

  40. Review • Who made up the Sovereign Council? Governor General Bishop Intendant

  41. Review • True or False: • One of Bishop François de Laval’s responsibilities was to manage the budget. FALSE!!!!! He enforced the titheandnominated priests & missionaries

  42. Review • The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: • A) Fish • B) Diamonds and gold • C) Money • D) Chickens

  43. Review • The Great _______of Montreal in _____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to ______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay _______ between the French and the British. 1701 Peace trade neutral

  44. Activity #1 • 1. Fill out the organization of the Royal Government (1 pt – must get everything correct to get a mark) _______________ ________________ _________ _______ _______ _______ _________________ _________________

  45. Activity #1 • 2. What is the difference between the roles and responsibilities of the Governor General now and during the French Regime. Give examples. • 3. Who was Francois de Laval and what were his responsibilities in the Sovereign Council?

  46. Activity #1 • 4. Describe the event that is taking place in the following image and its significance (why was it important).

  47. Reminders: • Activity #4: The Sweater due next class!!! • Activity #1: New France due next Monday! (Day of the Quiz)

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