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Apprenticeship, Pathways and Career Guidance: A Cautionary Tale Richard Sweet INAP

This article explores the successes and failures of apprenticeship programs in various countries and discusses the importance of career guidance in shaping equitable pathways for students. It highlights the differences in institutional arrangements and the impact they have on apprenticeship programs and career guidance.

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Apprenticeship, Pathways and Career Guidance: A Cautionary Tale Richard Sweet INAP

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  1. Apprenticeship, Pathways and Career Guidance: A Cautionary Tale Richard Sweet INAP Turin, 17 September 2009

  2. Flosshilde Bronnlinde Siegfried Wellgunde

  3. Unwary policymaker Apprenticeship

  4. Unwary policymaker Apprenticeship

  5. “... It is important that every community in every State of this nation develop more school-to-work programs. The best alternative is to craft an American version of European apprenticeships - not necessarily just like the German system, but one that blends vocational and academic education in high school, provides students meaningful work experience, and continues their training after graduation.” Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas, Vocational Education Journal, October 1991

  6. Very few countries have large apprenticeship systems for youth

  7. Apprentices as a share of upper secondary enrolments(Mid 1990s estimate) Source: OECD, 2000

  8. Apprenticeship: failure and success • Failure • Korea • Sweden • United States • Success • Ireland • Norway

  9. Why? • “Hard” institutional factors • Legislation and regulation • Training wages • Financing systems • Qualifications and certification arrangements • “Soft” institutional factors • The quality of governance • Social capital at the local level

  10. Today: • Apprenticeship pathways and: • Aspirations • Equity • Career guidance

  11. DESTINATIONS EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS Pathways

  12. Aspirations

  13. 15 year-olds aspiring to tertiary education, 2003 (%) Source: OECD PISA 2003 database

  14. Equity In equitable countries, achievement depends upon talent, not upon family background

  15. Variance in science achievement explained by family socio-economic status (%), 2006 Source: PISA 2006

  16. Streaming within school systems • Some countries stream strongly and at an early age • Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Switzerland • Some countries delay streaming until a later age • Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway

  17. A model of ability streaming and wealth streaming in schooling Low equity High equity

  18. Ability streaming, streaming by wealth and apprenticeship

  19. Equity and pathway size

  20. Equity and vocational pathways, 2006

  21. Equity and tertiary pathways, 2006

  22. Career guidance

  23. Schools in which career guidance is compulsory, 2006

  24. Difference in achievement levels between schools where guidance is compulsory and schools where it is voluntary Guidance favours high achievers Guidance favours low achievers

  25. Teachers’ tertiary focus and guidance

  26. Either not provided or all teachers provide it

  27. Specific teachers or counsellors are employed by the school

  28. Visiting counsellors provide it

  29. External and experiential focus of careers Source: PISA 2006. Index of job fairs, business lectures and industry visits

  30. Conclusions about guidance (1) • Whether or not career guidance is provided does not seem to be linked to pathways • However who gets it does: • In Germany and Switzerland, and perhaps Austria, career guidance seems to be pathway-dependent • In Denmark and Norway, and perhaps the Netherlands it seems to be provided more equitably

  31. Conclusions about guidance (2) • How career guidance is provided does seem to be linked to pathways • In all apprenticeship countries, career guidance seems to have a strong external, experiential and labour market focus

  32. Conclusions • The relationship between apprenticeship, pathways, equity and career guidance differs • Germany and Switzerland on the one hand • Denmark and Norway on the other • Austria and the Netherlands somewhere in between

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