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The Unification of Italy: From Fragmentation to Nationhood

Explore the tumultuous journey of Italian unification from separate states to a united kingdom. Follow the key events from the failed revolutions of 1848 to the pivotal battles of 1859-62 that led to the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. Learn about the roles of key figures like Garibaldi, Cavour, and Napoleon III, and the challenges faced in achieving national unity.

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The Unification of Italy: From Fragmentation to Nationhood

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  1. The Road to Unification How did Italy become a Nation?

  2. Italian Unification 1848-70 • Start of C19 – Italy was not a nation – separate states, kingdoms and duchies. • 1815 – Italy was ‘restored’ to its old kingdoms at the Congress of Vienna. • 1820s and 1830s – Nationalists plan to unite Italy – Liberals want constitutional reform, radicals (e.g. Mazzini) want revolutionary change • 1848-9 – ‘Year of Revolutions’ across Europe. Italy is nearly united, but the revolutions eventually fail. • 1859-62 – Piedmont leads the way in creating the Kingdom of Italy through war with Austria. Help from France is crucial in the success. Garibaldi takes the south. • 1866 – Venetia added with help from France. • 1870 – The Kingdom is completed when Rome is acquired.

  3. Metternich, Austrian Chancellor until 18481821 Troppau Protocol – had authority to intervene in Italy to crush revolutions

  4. Mazzini – inspired radical revolutionaries

  5. 1831 – Mazzini meets Garibaldi and inspires him

  6. 1848 – Charles Albert fights Austria to drive them out of Lombardy and Venetia, defeated at Custozza and Novarra

  7. Pope Pius IX – seen as a liberal Pope, inspired nationalists in 1848BUT turned out to be reactionary, issued the Allocution

  8. Roman Republic 1848-9Pope fled. RR Led by a popular Triumvirate (including Mazzini), defended by Garibaldi, defeated by Napoleon

  9. Cavour – Prime Minister of Piedmont 1852

  10. Napoleon III • President of France 1848, Emperor 1852

  11. Crimean War 1854-6Piedmont joins the war, links made between Napoleon III and Cavour

  12. Plombieres Agreement 1858France agrees to support Piedmont in uniting north of Italy

  13. 1859 - Battles of Magenta and Solferino – Piedmont and France defeat the Austrians – however Napoleon backs out and signs the Villafranca Treaty with Austria

  14. 1860 - Garibaldi’s ‘Thousand’ conquered Sicily and Naples

  15. March 1861 – Garibaldi hands Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuelle II – Kingdom of Italy declared

  16. 1866 – war between Austria and Prussia – Venetia given to Italy after French help

  17. 1870-1 Franco-Prussian War - French garrison called away from Rome - gave Italy a chance to seize the city of Rome

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