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OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY

Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY. ACTIVE DIRECTORY FUNCTIONS. Directory Services Used to define, manage, access, and secure network resources. Resources include: files, printers, groups, people, and applications. Active Directory Stored as NTDS.dit on a domain controller.

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OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY

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  1. Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY

  2. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ACTIVE DIRECTORY FUNCTIONS • Directory Services • Used to define, manage, access, and secure network resources. • Resources include: files, printers, groups, people, and applications. • Active Directory • Stored as NTDS.dit on a domain controller. • Used by domain controllers to authenticate users. • Domain controllers store, maintain, and replicate.

  3. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ACTIVE DIRECTORY BENEFITS • Centralized administration • Single point of access • Fault tolerance and redundancy • Multiple domain controllers are used • Multi-master replication • Simplified resource location

  4. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION • Hierarchical organization for ease of administration • Common Microsoft Management Console (MMC) tool set • Active Directory Users And Computers (DSA.MSC) • Active Directory Domains And Trusts (DOMAIN.MSC) • Active Directory Sites And Services (DSSITE.MSC)

  5. Before directory services Server1 Server2 Server3 After directory services Active Directory Single sign-on Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY SINGLE POINT OF AUTHENTICATION

  6. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY MULTI-MASTER REPLICATION

  7. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY SIMPLIFIED RESOURCE LOCATION • Search features available on Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft Windows XP, and Microsoft Windows Server 2003. • Search Active Directory to find: • Shared folders • Printers • People (user accounts)

  8. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ACTIVE DIRECTORY SCHEMA • Object classes • User accounts • Computer accounts • Printers • Groups • Object Attributes • Name • Globally unique identifier (GUID) • Location (for printer) • E-mail address (for users)

  9. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ACTIVE DIRECTORY COMPONENTS

  10. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS • Container objects • Look like a folder with a book icon in Active Directory Users And Computers • Security is applied to OUs • Inherited by child OUs • Used to control access to that OU or hide subordinate OUs • Allows for the delegation of administrative rights

  11. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAINS • Logical grouping of resources. • Form security and replication boundaries. • Individual access control lists (ACLs) for each domain. • Group Policies are typically assigned and inherited within a domain only, not from the forest. • Domain replication is independent of global catalog and schema replication. • Multiple domains may be used by a single organization.

  12. Forest root Domain tree and tree root ou root parent ou contoso . com tailspintoys . com child child west . contoso . com east . contoso . com Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAINS, TREES, AND A FOREST

  13. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY SITES • Used to reflect the physical network structure • Usually local area network (LAN) versus wide area network (WAN) • Optimize replication • Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) creates and maintains this structure

  14. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY NAMING STANDARDS • Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) • Standard naming structure and hierarchy • Established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • Domain Name System (DNS) • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

  15. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY LDAP NAMES • Cn=jsmith,ou=sales,dc=cohowinery,dc=com • jsmith@cohowinery.com

  16. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY PLANNING FOR ACTIVE DIRECTORY • Logical and physical structure • DNS and Active Directory integration and naming • Functional levels of domains and forests • Trust relationships and models

  17. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY STRUCTURING ACTIVE DIRECTORY • Security and administrative goals are important when defining the logical structure. • Group Policy application and inheritance • Delegating administrative control • Permission inheritance • Logical structure often reflects the business or administrative model. • Sites are used to reflect the physical structure of the network.

  18. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ROLE OF DNS • Resolves friendly names to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. • Required by Active Directory. • Domain members use service locator (SRV) records to find domain controllers. • Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is supported and recommended.

  19. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY FUNCTIONAL LEVELS • Designed to support downlevel compatibility • Increasing functional level allows for use of new features • Two types of functional level • Domain functional level • Forest functional level

  20. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAIN FUNCTIONAL LEVELS • Windows 2000 mixed • Windows 2000 native • Windows Server 2003 interim • Windows Server 2003

  21. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS 2000 MIXED FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Domain controllers can run on the following operating systems: • Windows NT Server 4.0 • Windows 2000 Server • Windows Server 2003 • Features at this functional level include: • Install from media • Application directory partitions • Enhanced user interface (UI)

  22. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS 2000 NATIVE FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Domain controllers can run on the following operating systems: • Windows 2000 Server • Windows Server 2003 • Features at this functional level include: • Group nesting • Universal groups • Security Identifier History (siDHistory)

  23. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS SERVER 2003 INTERIM FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Designed for organizations that have not upgraded to Windows 2000 Active Directory. • Only Windows Server 2003 and Windows NT Server 4.0 domain controllers are supported. • Windows 2000 Server domain controllers are NOT allowed. • No extra features over any other functional level.

  24. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS SERVER 2003 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Only Windows Server 2003 domain controllers • Features at this functional level include: • Replicated last logon timestamp • Key Distribution Center (KDC) version numbers • User password on inetOrgPerson objects • Domain renaming

  25. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY RAISING THE DOMAIN FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Must be logged on as a member of the Domain Admins group. • Performed using the Primary Domain Controller (PDC) emulator. • All domain controllers must support the new level. • Irreversible.

  26. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY FOREST FUNCTIONAL LEVELS • Windows 2000 • Windows Server 2003 interim • Windows Server 2003

  27. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS 2000 FOREST FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • All domain controllers must be Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 domain controllers. • Features supported at this functional level include: • Install from media • Universal group caching • Application directory partitions

  28. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS 2003 INTERIM FOREST FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Only Windows Server 2003 and Windows NT Server 4.0 domain controllers are supported. • Windows 2000 Server domain controllers are NOT allowed. • Features at this level include: • Improved inter-site topology generator (ISTG) • Improved linked value replication

  29. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS SERVER 2003 FOREST FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Only Windows Server 2003 domain controllers are supported. • Features at this level include: • Dynamic auxiliary class objects • User objects can be converted to inetOrgPerson objects • Schema redefinitions permitted • Domain renames permitted • Cross-forest trusts permitted

  30. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY RAISING THE FOREST FUNCTIONAL LEVEL • Must be logged on as a member of the Enterprise Administrators group. • Must be connected to the Schema Operations Master. • All domain controllers must support the new functional level. • Irreversible.

  31. Forest Root Domain Child Domain A Child Domain C Child Domain B Child Domain D Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY ACTIVE DIRECTORY TRUST MODELS • Transitivity: If A trusts B and B trusts C, then A trusts C

  32. Forest Root Domain Child Domain A Child Domain C Shortcut Trust Child Domain B Child Domain D Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY SHORTCUT TRUST

  33. Domain A Domain Domain B C Domain D Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY WINDOWS NT SERVER 4.0 TRUST MODEL

  34. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY CROSS-FOREST TRUST • New in Windows Server 2003 • Trusts between two forests • Requires Windows Server 2003 forest functional level • Uses Kerberos as do all Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 intra-forest trust relationships

  35. Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE DIRECTORY SUMMARY • Active Directory is a database (NTDS.dit). • DNS is required by Active Directory. • Schema defines object types and attributes. • Domain and forest functional levels provide a balance between backward compatibility and new functionality. • Active Directory allows for two-way transitive (Kerberos) trusts. • Trusts allow domain hierarchies to be created. • Cross-forest trusts are a new feature for Windows Server 2003 Active Directory.

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