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Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide

Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide. Plant & Animal Cells. Cell Theory. Cells are the building blocks of all living things can be single-celled (called protozoa) can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function All life processes take place in cells Energy production

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Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide

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  1. Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide Plant & Animal Cells

  2. Cell Theory • Cells are the building blocks of all living things • can be single-celled (called protozoa) • can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function • All life processes take place in cells • Energy production • Growth & reproduction • New cells are produced from existing ones • Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth

  3. Parts of a Cell • Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells • Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles • Differences between Plant & Animal Cells: • Cell wall (plants) • Large single vacuole (plants) • Chloroplasts (plants)

  4. Plant Cell Nuclear membrane controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Nuclear pore Cell wall Nucleus Control Center DNA Provides cell instructions for reproduction Nucleolus regulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present. Cell Membrane Controls what substances enter & leave cell Rough ER* Chloroplast Make sugars for food Smooth ER* *ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles Rough contains Ribosomes Cytoplasm Clear fluid Golgi apparatus FedEx: Transport System Microtubules Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis Vacuole Stores nutrients and waste Mitochondria Creates energy Ribosomes Make Proteins

  5. *ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles Rough contains Ribosomes Animal Cell Nucleus Pore Chromosomes Contain DNA Nuclear membrane controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Microtubules Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis Nucleus Control Center Cell Membrane Controls what substances enter & leave cell Nucleolus regulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present. Centriole Pull apart chromosoes during mitosis Rough ER* Mitochondria Creates energy Golgi apparatus FedEx: Transport System Vacuoles Stores nutrients and waste Cytoplasm Clear fluid Smooth ER* Ribosomes Make Proteins

  6. Animal Cell

  7. Eukaryote have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

  8. Prokaryote lack a nucleus (most bacteria)

  9. Parts of a Microscope MAGNIFICATION = Ocular x Objective

  10. Preparing a Wet Slide • The "wet mount" slide utilizes a flat slide and a cover slip. • place a drop of the sample in the middle of a clean slide • lower a cover slip gently over the drop at an angle, with one edge touching the slide first (See Figure 1, below). • Allow the liquid to spread out between the two pieces of glass without applying pressure.

  11. Examples of Protozoa Hydra Paramecium Daphnia

  12. Daphnia Organism

  13. Cell Family Tree

  14. Multicellular Organisms:5 Structural Levels of Organization Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell building block of life Perform a specific function Perform a specific job – made of at least 2 types of tissue Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions

  15. Specialized Cells Muscle Cell Nerve Cell Blood Cells

  16. Cell Reproduction • Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes: • Mitosis= asexual reproduction • A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division. • Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues • Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells • Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division

  17. Cell Reproduction • Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction • A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells. • The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed • Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells combine to produce a fertilized egg

  18. Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs. Meiosis (cell reproduction):

  19. Mitosis

  20. Meiosis

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