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Current trends in library resource management, discovery, and resource sharing

Marshall Breeding Independent Consultant, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding. Current trends in library resource management, discovery, and resource sharing. 12 March 2015.

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Current trends in library resource management, discovery, and resource sharing

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  1. Marshall Breeding Independent Consultant, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding Current trends in library resource management, discovery, and resource sharing 12 March 2015 Open Session for Carnegie Mellon University Libraries

  2. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org

  3. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Current automation products out of step with current realities • Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content • Majority of automation efforts support print activities • New discovery solutions help with access to e-content • Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure

  4. Key Context: Technologies in transition • Client / Server > Web-based computing • Social and Collaborative Networks • Integration of social computing into core infrastructure • Local computing shifting to cloud platforms • Application Service Provider offerings standard • New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile • Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

  5. Strategic shift for Academic Libraries • Collection Shift from Print > Electronic + Digital • E-journal transition largely complete • Circulation of print collections slowing • Large-scale investment in e-books • Technical infrastructure support: • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

  6. New Metadata management WorlkFlows • Moving away from individual record-by-record creation • Life cycle of metadata • Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed • Manage metadata in bulk when possible • E-book collections • Highly shared metadata • E-journal knowledge bases, e.g. • Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data • Path emerging for linked data in resource management and discovery systems • AACR2 > RDA • MARC > BIBFRAME (http://bibframe.org/)

  7. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Current automation products out of step with current realities • Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content • Majority of automation efforts support print activities • New discovery solutions help with access to e-content • Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure

  8. Technology Shift • Client / Server > Web-based computing • Beyond Web 2.0 • Integration of social and academic identities and networks into core infrastructure • Local computing shifting to cloud platforms • Application Service Provider offerings standard • New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile • Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

  9. Multi-Tenant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple sites Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces No workstation clients Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments Software as a Service

  10. SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models Bibliographic knowledgebase: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries Discovery indexes: article and object-level index for resource discovery E-resource knowledge bases: shared authoritative repository of e-journal holdings General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Data as a service

  11. Traditional model of Automation • Oriented to Print collections • Single Library System • Includes branches or divisional facilities • Automation strategies often set when capabilities of automation systems were limited • Institutional solo of collection management

  12. Fragmented Library Management • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial transactions between ILS Acquisitions and enterprise business systems (many shadow systems) • Proxy and Authentication services • E-book lending platform (multiple?) • Interlibrary loan (borrowing and lending) • Self-service and AMH infrastructure • Electronic Resource Management • PC Scheduling and print management • Event scheduling • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

  13. Reconceptualization of Automation • Current organization of functionality based on past assumptions • Possible new organizing principles • Fulfillment = Circulation + ILL + DCB + e-commerce • Resource management = Cataloging + Acquisitions + Serials + ERM • Customer Relationship Management = Reference + Circulation + ILL (public services) • Enterprise Resource Planning = Acquisitions + Collection Development

  14. Academic Libraries need a new model of library management • Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System • The ILSwas designed to help libraries manage print collections • Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections • Other library automation products evolved: • Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

  15. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Integrated (for print) Library System Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

  16. Policies LicenseTerms BIB Vendors Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor E-JournalTitles $$$ Funds LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ` Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog E-resourceProcurement LicenseManagement Protocols: CORE

  17. BIB Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor Policies $$$ Funds Informal management of Electronic Resources Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Budget License Terms Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Titles / Holdings Vendors Access Details

  18. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows • Support for management of metadata in bulk • Continuous lifecycle chain initiated before publication

  19. Almost no systematic automation support for references and research services Customer Relationship Management? Resource sharing / Interlibrary loan management Collection development support Gaps in Automation

  20. Library Services Platform • Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services • Services • Service oriented architecture • Exposes Web services and other API’s • Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users • Platform • General infrastructure for library automation • Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service • Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

  21. Library Services Platform Characteristics • Highly Shared data models • Knowledgebase architecture • Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores • Delivered through software as a service • Multi-tenant • Unified workflows across formats and media • Flexible metadata management • MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX • Bibframe • New structures not yet invented • Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

  22. New Library Management Model Unified Presentation Layer Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Services Platform ` Digital Coll Consolidated index Search Engine Discovery Service ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

  23. Library Services Platform Options

  24. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

  25. Moving legacy systems to hosted services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall. Leveraging the Cloud

  26. Competing Models of Library Automation • Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS • Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, • BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se • LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II, Talis Alto, OpenGalaxy • Traditional Open Source ILS • Evergreen, Koha • New generation Library Services Platforms • Ex Libris Alma • Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud) (in development) • OCLC WorldShare Management Services, • ProQuest Intota (in development) • Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)

  27. Changing models of Resource Sharing

  28. Integrated Library System Branch 6 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 8 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 7 Branch 3 Main Facility Search: Holdings Patrons useCirculation featuresto request itemsfrom other branches Model: Multi-branchIndependentLibrary System Floating Collectionsmay reduce workload for Inter-branchtransfers BibliographicDatabase Library System

  29. Library Consortia • Groups of libraries want to work together to share an automation system • Number of participants limited by the perceived capacities of the automation system

  30. Consortial Borrowing Systems • Each library system operates its own automation environment • Relies on manual and automated processes to allow patrons to discovery and request materials among participants • INN-Reach (Innovative Interfaces) • ShareIT (Auto-Graphics) • Relais ILL • URSA (SirsiDynix, now defunct)

  31. Consortial Resource Sharing System Resource Sharing Application Branch 5 Branch 7 Branch 3 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 8 Branch 6 Branch 7 Branch 8 Branch 4 Branch 7 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 3 Branch 1 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 3 Branch 6 Branch 8 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 7 Branch 8 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3 Branch 7 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 8 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 3 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 3 Branch 7 Branch 6 Branch 5 Branch 8 Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Discovery and Request Management Routines Search: NCIP NCIP Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings NCIP NCIP BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase Inter-System Communications NCIP SIP ISO ILL Z39.50 Staff Fulfillment Tools Library System D Library System E Library System A Library System C Library System B Library System F NCIP NCIP

  32. Shared Infrastructure • Common discovery • Retention of local automation systems • Technical complex with moderate operational benefits • Common discovery + Resource Management Systems • Shared Resource management with local discovery options

  33. Shared Consortial ILS Library 6 Library 1 Library 8 Library 7 Library 10 Library 4 Library 3 Library 2 Library 9 Library 5 Search: Holdings ILS configured To support Direct consortial Borrowing throughCirculation Module Model: Multipleindependentlibraries in a Consortium Share an ILS BibliographicDatabase Shared Consortia System

  34. Progressive consolidation of library services • Centralization of technical infrastructure of multiple libraries within a campus • Resource sharing support • Direct borrowing among partner institutions • Shared infrastructure between institutions • Examples: 2CUL (Columbia University / Cornell University) • Orbis Cascade Alliance (37 independent colleges and universities to merge into shared LSP)

  35. 2CUL Collection Development Shared Services: Technical Services Shared Infrastructure?:

  36. Orbis Cascade Alliance • 37 Academic Libraries • Combined enrollment of 258,000 • 9 million titles • 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems • Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 • Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator / VDX in 2008 • Current strategy to move to shared LMS based on Ex Libris Alma

  37. The Evolution of Library Resource Discovery

  38. Challenge: More integrated approach to information and service delivery • Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos: • Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module) • Search the Web site • Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections • OpenURL linking services • E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) • Subject guides (e.g. SpringshareLibGuides) • Local digital collections • ETDs, photos, rich media collections • Metasearch engines • Discovery Services – often just another choice among many • All searched separately

  39. ILS Data Online Catalog Search: Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects • Web site content • Etc. Search Results

  40. Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface (2002-2009) • Single search box • Query tools • Did you mean • Type-ahead • Relevance ranked results (for some content sources) • Faceted navigation • Enhanced visual displays • Cover art • Summaries, reviews, • Recommendation services

  41. Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface • Single search box • Query tools • Did you mean • Type-ahead • Relevance ranked results • Faceted navigation • Enhanced visual displays • Cover art • Summaries, reviews, • Recommendation services • Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Other local and open access content • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects

  42. Discovery Interface search model ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Local Index ProQuest Search Results EBSCOhost Metasearch Engine … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Real-time query and responses

  43. Discovery from Local to Web-scale • Initial products focused on technology • AquaBrowser, Endeca,Primo, Encore, VuFind, • LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena • Mostly locally-installed software • Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery • Primo Central (Ex Libris) • Summon (Serials Solutions) • WorldCat Local (OCLC) • EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) • Encore Synergy (no index, though)

  44. Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data (2009- present) Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Search Results Aggregated Content packages Consolidated Index Profile of Library Subscriptions Open Access … E-Journals CustomerProfile Usage-generatedData Reference Sources Pre-built harvesting and indexing

  45. Bento Box Discovery Model Aggregated Content packages Search: Open Access ILS Data VuFind / Blacklight E-Journals Consolidated Index Search Results Web Site Content Digital Collections Institutional Repositories Pre-built harvesting and indexing

  46. Web-scale Search Problem ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Consolidated Index Aggregated Content packages Search Results … E-Journals Pre-built harvesting and indexing ??? Non Participating Content Sources Problem in how to deal with resources not provided to ingest into consolidated index

  47. Challenge for Relevancy • Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR • Difficult to order records in ways that make sense • Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query • Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings

  48. Evaluating Index-based Discovery Services • Intense competition: how well the index covers the body of scholarly content stands as a key differentiator • Difficult to evaluate based on numbers of items indexed alone. • Important to ascertain now your library’s content packages are represented by the discovery service. • Important to know what items are indexed by citation and which are full text • Important to know whether the discovery service favors the content of any given publisher

  49. Open Discovery Initiative • NISO Work Group to Develop Standards and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search • Informal meeting called at ALA Annual 2011 • Co-Chaired by Marshall Breeding and Jenny Walker • Term: Dec 2011 – March 2014

  50. Balance of Constituents Marshall Breeding, Vanderbilt UniversityJamene Brooks-Kieffer, Kansas State University Laura Morse, Harvard University Ken Varnum, University of Michigan Sara Brownmiller, University of Oregon Lucy Harrison, College Center for Library Automation (D2D liaison/observer) Michele Newberry Lettie Conrad, SAGE PublicationsBeth LaPensee, ITHAKA/JSTOR/PorticoJeff Lang, Thomson Reuters Linda Beebe, American Psychological AssocAaron Wood, Alexander Street Press Jenny Walker, Ex Libris GroupJohn Law, Serials SolutionsMichael Gorrell, EBSCO Information Services David Lindahl, University of Rochester (XC) Jeff Penka, OCLC (D2D liaison/observer)

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