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TSUNAMI MODELING METHODS TO UNDERSTAND GENERATION AND PROPAGATION

TSUNAMI MODELING METHODS TO UNDERSTAND GENERATION AND PROPAGATION. HL. h. Parameters for wave motion Height H = 2a Length L Local water depth h Duration/period T Gravity g. Shoaling

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TSUNAMI MODELING METHODS TO UNDERSTAND GENERATION AND PROPAGATION

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  1. TSUNAMI MODELING METHODS TO UNDERSTAND GENERATION AND PROPAGATION

  2. HL h Parameters for wave motion Height H = 2aLengthL Local water depthh Duration/periodTGravity g

  3. Shoaling Typical change in water depth as tsunamis leave the ocean for coastal waters is from around 4km to 100m on the continental shelf to zero at the coastline. The topography of this change is very relevant: for a steep approach there is much wave reflection and amplitudes are not greatly increased consider ordinary waves at a cliff: ´ 2 gently sloping topography, leads to large amplification if 2D, then until a ~ h

  4. Approaching the shoreline As they approach the shoreline ordinary wind generated waves break. Long waves such as tsunamis are more like tides, which only break in the special circumstances of long travel distances in shallow water. Then tsunamis are similar to tidal bores. For example tsunamis can have periods approaching one hour, and in the River Severn near Gloucester spring tides can rise from low to high tide in one hour. The character of a bore depends strongly on the ratio Hh Rise in height of the waterdepth in front of the bore = A bore may be undular, turbulent of breaking-undulardepending on the value of this ratio.

  5. TSUNAMI MODELS • TUNAMI N2 • MOST • FUNWAVE • MIKE 21 • DELFT 3D • AVI-NAMI • NAMI-DANCE • TELEMAC • …

  6. HISTORY OF TSUNAMI MODELLING • The TUNAMI code consists of; • TUNAMI-N1 (Tohoku University’s Numerical Analysis Model for Investigation of Near-field Tsunamis, No.1) (linear theory with constant grids), • TUNAMI-N2 (linear theory in deep sea, shallow-water theory in shallow sea and runup on land with constant grids), • TUNAMI-N3 (linear theory with varying grids), • TUNAMI-F1 (linear theory for propagation in the ocean in the spherical co-ordinates) and • TUNAMI-F2 (linear theory for propagation in the ocean and coastal waters).

  7. TSUNAMI MODELING • Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations (NSW), • numerical solution procedure is from Shuto, N., Goto, C., Imamura, F., 1990 and Goto, C. and Ogawa, Y.,1991, • TUNAMI N2 authored by Profs. Shuto and Imamura, and developed/distributed under the support of UNESCO TIME Project in 1990s.

  8. Governing Equations Non-linear longwave equations η : water elevation u, v : components of water velocities in x and y directions حx, حy : bottom shear stress components t : time h : basin depth g : gravitational acceleration

  9. M, N : Discharge fluxes in x&y directions n : Manning’s roughness coefficient ,

  10. Numerical Model “TUNAMI N1” Mesh resolution and time step, grid size Total reflection on land boundaries

  11. Boundary Conditions Reflection: Open Boundary: Initial Condition: u(x,y,0) v(x,y,0) h(x,y,0)

  12. Numerical Technique Finite Difference " Leap Frog" y j+1 j Dy Dx j-1 i-1 i i+1 x

  13. Difference Scheme

  14. Terms h > h Direction x Direction y

  15. Convective Terms Truncation in the order of Dx

  16. Friction Term Discretization

  17. Programme TIME : Tsunami Inundation Model Exchange Tunami-N2

  18. RECENT TREND IN TSUNAMI MODELING • Simulation and Animation for Visualization

  19. INPUT PARAMETERS • Arbitrary shape bathymetry • Tsunami source as initial condition

  20. RECENT TREND IN TSUNAMI MODELING • AVI-NAMI and NAMI DANCE simulation/animation software in C++ Language • are brothers of TUNAMI N2 • authored by Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner

  21. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  22. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  23. Wl Lmajor Lminor ac al al

  24. TERMS • Bottom Friction • Pressure • Dispersion • FUNWAVE by Kirby • Fujima

  25. December 26, 2004

  26. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  27. December 26, 2004

  28. March 28, 2005

  29. Andaman Source

  30. 1762

  31. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  32. MACRAN FAULT

  33. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  34. Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  35. Andaman Source Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  36. Mindanao Source Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  37. Hypothetical Tsunami Source at offshore Sabah as an example simulation in South China Sea Pelinovsky, Kurkin, Zaytsev, Yalciner, Imamura

  38. Hypothetical Tsunami Source at offshore Sabah as an example simulation in South China Sea

  39. ASSESMENT OF TSUNAMI HAZARD Simulation and animation of probable/credible tsunami scenarios, and understanding coastal amplification and arrival time of tsunamis

  40. Acknowledgements • Prof. Shuto, Imamura, Synolakis, Okal, Pelinovsky, Zaytsev • UNESCO IOC, Tohoku University Japan • Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, • UTM, DID, ATSB, Dept. of Meteorolgy, Malaysia, • Middle East Technical University, METU, Yildiz Technical University, Chambers of Geological and Civil Engineers of Turkey, • Dr. Eng. Dinar Catur Istiyanto Ir. Widjo Kongko, M. Engand, Russian Colleagues and Team, American Colleagues and Team, Japanese Colleagues and Team, Prof. Ir. Widi Agoes Pratikto, Dr. Ir. Subandono Dipsosaptono, Dr. Gegar Sapta Prasetya, Dr. Ir. Rahman Hidayat

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