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LECTURE 1

LECTURE 1 . Introduction to Anatomy. Methods & Types of Anatomy. 1. Microscopic: with magnification a. cytology: internal structure of cells “cyto” = cell “ology” = study of b. histology: study of tissues 2. Developmental: changes in form between conception and maturity

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LECTURE 1

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  1. LECTURE 1 Introduction to Anatomy

  2. Methods & Types of Anatomy 1. Microscopic: with magnification a. cytology: internal structure of cells “cyto” = cell “ology” = study of b. histology: study of tissues 2. Developmental: changes in form between conception and maturity -both microscopic and gross anatomy -early months = “embryology” 3. Comparative: anatomical organization of different animal types -may reflect evolutionary relationships or divergence e.g. vertebrates - share the presence of a dorsal, hollow nerve cord + segmental housing

  3. 4. Gross: visible to unaided eye -approaches: a) surface b) regional - superficial + internal structures within a defined area of the body c) systemic - structure of major organ systems as a whole -organs that function together to produce coordinated effects -11 organ systems: 1. skeletal 2. articular 3. muscular 4. digestive 5. respiratory 6. urinary 7. reproductive 8. circulatory 9. nervous 10. integumentary 11. endocrine

  4. Regional Anatomy: the abdomen and pelvis -division of abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants

  5. -however - can divide further into 9 abdominopelvic regions

  6. Organizational Levels 1. Atomic – elemental composition: 4 major elements within the body- C, N, O and H (99% of the total number of atoms within the body) 2) Molecular - molecular composition of these atoms - 67% of our bodies is water

  7. 3. Cellular level 4. Tissue level 5. Organismal level: reflects interactions among organ systems -when functioning normally the internal environment is relatively stable at all levels (i.e. cellular, tissue etc...) -this state is known as “homeostasis” “homeo” = unchanging “stasis” = standing -each level is related -e.g. changes in chemical level may affect the activity of the cell which in turn affects the tissue etc....

  8. Characteristics of Life: 1. movement: internal & external 2. responsiveness 3. growth: increase in size -individual cells specialize to perform special functions 4. respiration 5. reproduction 6. digestion 7. absorption 8. circulation 9. excretion

  9. Requirements for Life: 1. water 2. food 3. oxygen 4. heat 5. pressure

  10. Language of Anatomy ****all landmarks must be considered with respect to anatomical position**** Anatomical landmarks: -anatomical position: erect -lying down face up = supine -lying down face down = prone

  11. Anatomical directions:

  12. Anatomical Planes & Sections: -transverse: right angles to the long axis of the body at the umbilicus -divides into superior & inferior sections -any section along this plane = transverse section

  13. -frontal or coronal: parallel to the long axis -divides into anterior and posterior regions -any section along this plane = coronal section

  14. -sagittal: parallel to the long axis dividing into right and left regions -any section along this plane = sagittal section -into even R & L halves = midsagittal section

  15. Body Cavities:

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