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The Problems of Overpopulation

Chapter 9. The Problems of Overpopulation. Question: What are some of the factors contributing to World Hunger?. ANSWER: World Hunger related to…. Poverty Inequitable distribution of resources

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The Problems of Overpopulation

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  1. Chapter 9 The Problems of Overpopulation

  2. Question:What are some of the factors contributing to World Hunger?

  3. ANSWER: World Hunger related to… • Poverty • Inequitable distribution of resources • (Modern agriculture produces enough food to adequately feed everyone, but the food is unevenly distributed.) • 3. Overpopulation (demand on resources results in environmental damage. • Exact causes are unclear… http://www.hereinreality.com/deathclock.html

  4. Population and Quality of Life • Environmental degradation • Hunger • Persistent poverty • Economic stagnation • Urban deterioration • Health issues Primary problems with overpopulation:

  5. Rapid Increase of Population adds to human problems (disease) environmental problems (environmental degradation) poverty urban problems (crime, quality of life, homelessness) Urbanization: Increasing convergence of rural people to cities.

  6. 2 types of overpopulation • 1)People overpopulation • 2)Consumption population.

  7. People overpopulation • Environment suffers due to too many people • Usually occurs in developing countries.

  8. Consumption population • Consumption: the human use of materials and energy. • Consumption Overpopulation: occurs when each individual consumes too much in highly developed countries.

  9. Consumption population • Voluntary Simplicity: attempts to reduce consumption. • “Live simply so that others may simply live.” • National Research Council: examines U.S. consumption. • Worldwatch Institute: calculates the quantity ofmaterials consumed annually in the U.S.

  10. The highest fertility rates are found in the countries with the greatest shortages. According to the United Nations about 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes. This is one person every three and a half seconds. http://www.poverty.com/index.html

  11. Numbers at a Glance from Ethiopia •   6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health professional; •   1 in 4 women dies in pregnancy or childbirth; •   4 million children are orphaned, nearly 1 million by AIDS; •   Only 18 percent of children reach grade five.

  12. Total fertility rate is the average number of children born to each woman. • Example Egypt in 1960 TFR was 7.0 was reduced to a TFR of 3.3 in 2000. • 55% of married Egyptian women now use contraception. • St. Lucia TFR declined from 3.8 in 1990 to 2.2 in 2004

  13. Egypt now allows use of contraception due to a reinterpretation of Mohammed’s teachings by Islamic scholars (Grand Mufti) Contraception is OK by me! It contributes to the social welfare of Muslims.

  14. Wait Movies and TV can be used for GOOD?? • Family planning helps reduce TFR through education (religion & media), abstinence, legislation & use of contraception. • Oral contraceptives are the most effective form of birth control. And the Nile Flows on…

  15. Family Planning • Faces challenges from various religious and cultural traditions. • Reproductive rights of women. (low status of women contributes to High TFR’s) • Countries like China, India, Mexico, and Nigeria have attempted to control TFR. • 1994 Global Summit on population & Development placed an emphasis on the empowerment of women.

  16. QUESTION: What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?

  17. QUESTION: What is the Relationship between education & Fertility? http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html

  18. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.htmlhttp://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html

  19. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.htmlhttp://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html

  20. Percent married women using any type of contraception % contraception Total fertility

  21. Population and Quality of Life • Population and World Hunger

  22. Population and Quality of Life • Different proposed strategies for reducing hunger: • 1) Strictly control population growth • 2) Stimulate economic development • 3) Provide better equitability of resources

  23. Population and Quality of Life • Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth • Competing hypotheses: • Hyp 1: Rapid population growth  ↑economic development + ↑technological innovation. • Why would they think this? • Hyp 2: Rapid population growth does the opposite.

  24. Population and Quality of Life • Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth • Debt in Developing Countries

  25. Ecological Footprint.

  26. Developing Countries • Developing countries have small resource demands but large population deplete natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable) • Cities in these countries tend to have more males than females. • These countries contain 80% of the world’s population. • Rapid growth in the poorest cities is the most urgent global population problem.

  27. Economic Growth must be greater than population growth to increase the standard of living. Developing Countries

  28. U.S. has cancelled debts to developing nations (1990-1997) in excess of $2.3 Billion. Developing Countries

  29. Highly Developed Countries • Highly Developed Countries have large resource demands and deplete natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable) even though population may not be large in comparison to developing countries. • These nations produce 75% of the worlds pollution & waste.

  30. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate • Why is Total Fertility Typically High? • Gender defined roles • High fertility to compensate for high mortality • Work expectations of children • Religious beliefs

  31. What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?

  32. Relationship between education & Fertility

  33. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate Percent illiteracy of men and women in select developing countries, 2002 • The Social and Economic Status of Women • Gender inequity is common worldwide

  34. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate • The Social and Economic Status of Women • Gender inequity is common worldwide • Younger age of marriage  ↑ fertility rates

  35. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate • The Social and Economic Status of Women • Gender inequity is common worldwide • Younger age of marriage  ↑ fertility rates • Higher level of education  ↓ fertility rates

  36. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate • Family Planning Services

  37. Reducing the Total Fertility Rate • Family Planning Services • Selected Birth Control Methods • Oral contraceptives • Implants • IUD • Spermicides • Condom, male • Rhythm

  38. Government Policies and Fertility One child per family • China’s Controversial Family Planning Policy Main problems with policy: Eroded personal freedom Disproportionate number of males born

  39. Government Policies and Fertility • India’s Severe Population Pressure • Early efforts centered on compulsory sterilization. • (which was a complete failure) • Currently attempting to integrate economic development and family planning. • (total fertility rates have dropped)

  40. Government Policies and Fertility • Mexico’s Young Age Structure • Strong positive population growth momentum due to high % young. • Government measures (e.g., education reform) have reduced the fertility rate.

  41. Government Policies and Fertility • The Population Challenge in Nigeria • Most populous African country with high a fertility rate. • Birth control use very low (8%). • Government attempting to improve health care and encourage marrying later.

  42. Government Policies and Fertility • Population Concerns in Europe: • Opposite of most areas — fertility rate very low. • Pronatalists predict overwhelmed pension programs and loss of economic growth. • Opponents predict technological innovations will spur economic growth and the elderly will be asset to society.

  43. Government Policies and Fertility • Case-in-Point: The Global Summit on Population and Development • Focused on: • Reproductive rights • Empowerment of women • Reproductive health

  44. Achieving Population Stabilization • Discuss some of the ethical issues associated with overpopulation: • Is it ethical to have more than 2 children? • Is it ethical to consume to much in the way of material possessions? • Is it ethical to try to influence a couple’s decision about family size?

  45. Family Planning: Past attempts to control population • China: 1 child per couple (+)  • India: (1970’s) to slow population growth forced sterilization (+)  • Mexico: Education (soap operas) & healthcare (+)  • Nigeria: Education & healthcare (-)  • Egypt: Education & healthcare (+)  +/- = the impact on population / = popularity of the attempt

  46. Beginning of chapter 10

  47. Special Tank-yews • Mr. Saccone form Eastchester High School • Mr. Gardineer Mahopac HighSchool

  48. The City as an Ecosystem • Urbanization: urban areas vary by # of people. • US Bureau of Census defines an urban area as “a location with 2500 or more people. •  75% of US Population lives in an urban environment. http://www.census.gov/ http://www.pe.net/~rksnow/nycountymahopac.htm#statistics

  49. The City as an Ecosystem • Population  Organization EnvironmentTechnology • Population • Organization • Environment • Technology

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