CHAPTER 34

1. CHAPTER 34 FDR and the Shadow of War Mary Milligan Team 1

2. Essential Question: Number One How did the Reciprocal Trade Agreements act of 1934 change the way trade was run between America, Latin America, and Europe?

3. Essential Question: Number Two Why were the neutrality acts so important, and what affect did they have on the country’s part in the war?

4. Essential Question: Number Three What were the largest causes to the start of American involvement in World War Two, and how did Germany and Japan react to them?

5. vocabulary

6. The London conference • The sixty-six-nation London Economic Conference meeting in 1933 which showed how deep Roosevelt’s would cover in foreign policy to help with economic recovery • Delegates were very eager to stabilize the value of international currencies and how to approach exchanging them • Roosevelt was going to send an American delegation which included the Secretary of State, but Roosevelt began to believe that the conference would result in veering off course • Roosevelt made the bombshell announcement that the US would not be participating in the conference, shocking everyone and pushing the world into a deeper economic crisis with the inability to figure out the currency issue • This lead to a global growth in nationalism

7. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians • Roosevelt was allowing his country to become disconnected from the rest of the world by isolating the US from Europe and withdrawing from Asia • The Great Depression stopped what progress towards imperialism that McKinley had made. • Taxpayers wanted to rid of their financial burden in the Philippines • Keeping it was too expensive • Took away from American business and producers • Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffle Act • Independence in the Philippines would be awarded after a twelve year period where they would be taught how to be economically and politically stable • The freeing of the Philippines was a selfish move by the US, they didn’t want them to have independence they wanted to have the finical burden free of them • Roosevelt’s only international gesture was when he recognized the Soviet Union as a country • Offended the anti-communists conservatives and the Roman Catholics • Catholics were offended by the antireligious policies • He wanted eventual trade with them • Became a counterweight to the threat of German and Japanese power

8. Becoming a good neighbor • Roosevelt wanted to develop new relations with Latin America • He wanted to be a “Good Neighbor” • It was being suggested that US was giving up its desire to have world power and they would now settle for a regional power, now they were simply interested in the affairs in the Western Hemisphere • Dictators from all around the world began to try and seize power throughout Eurasia • Roosevelt was ready to help its neighbors defend the Western Hemisphere from any attacks approaching them • Using Haiti and Guantanamo Bay as naval basesto help defend the western side of the world incase a country were to attack • Good Neighbor policy was tested when Mexico took over all American oil companies

9. Secretary hull’s reciprocal trade agreements • Reciprocal trade also became popular in Latin America • New Dealers • Developed by the idealistic Secretary of State Hull • Believed trade was a two-way street • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act • Passed in 1934 • Was supposed to lift American export trade from the depression would help relief and recovery of the economy • Hull’s job was to negotiate the agreement with other countries • It was a landmark of legislation, it reversed the traditional high-protective-tariff policy that had been going on since the Civil War • It made it easier for the US to trade during World War Two, without getting involved and it changed the way people traded

10. Storm-cellar isolationism • The Great Depression started the spread of totalitarianism • The communistic USSR started it and led the way • Joseph Stalin was a dictator along with Benito Mussolini who as an Italian Fascist and finally Adolf Hitler who planned to take over Germany in 1933 • Hitler became the most dangerous out of the three dictators • He had tremendous power with impulsiveness • Had complete control of Nazi party • Germany had suffered a lot of loss from the Treaty of Versailles • Germans saw no hope for economic recovery or there nationalistic views of themselves • Japan was in the process of becoming imperialistic • Japanese wanted oceanic control and tried to do this by attacking various other countries and giving notices for the terminations of treaties

11. Storm-Cellar Isolationism cont. • Mussolini began to try and seek glory and an empire in Africa through force • The League of Nations was trying to help everywhere that was being attacked • America began to isolate themselves from the rest of the world • Americans believed that if they ignored the problems they would ignore the Americans • The Great Depression made America less willing to be involved in foreign affairs • They had no appreciation for other countries being harassed by the dictators • Americans were not afraid of the totalitarian dictators, they never would imagine that they would attack the US

12. Congress legislates neutrality • Evidence that the American entrance into World War I took the blame away from German submarines and put in on American bankers and arms manufactures because they were the ones supplying everything for the war • This reasoning suggested that profits had to be removed arms traffic so that the country could completely stay out of war • The Neutrality Acts of 1835, 1836, and 1837 showed that there was existence of a foreign war • Made certain restrictions go into place • No American could sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent • Called storm-cellar neutrality • Marked a change in traditional policies • Neutrality was shortsighted, when America falsely assumed that they had a decision for peace or war to make • Statutory neutrality was a dubious morality which would make no distinction between aggressors and victims

13. America Dooms loyalist Spain • The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 was a dress rehearsal for World War II • Spanish rebel went up against the republican government in Madrid that was being led by General Francisco Franco, the fascist leader • He was helped by Hitler and Mussolini and established a loyalist regimewhich was helped by the Soviet Union • Washington had officials relations with Loyalist government • The US continued to sit on the sidelines while dictators were completely getting rid of the republican government • The US was determined to stay out of all wars • America wouldn’t build up armed forces either so other countries wouldn’t think they were going to enter • A few times Roosevelt called for preparedness but everyone feared that it would be a problem • Later they realized they should have been more prepared from the start

14. Appeasing Japan and Germany • War tension grew in the east • Japanese torched the Marco Polo Bridge in China • Led to a larger scale war • Led to the start of World War II • Roosevelt wouldn’t accept that the China incident did not declare war • He allowed very munitions to go to the Chinese, since it was not war the Japan could also purchase war supplies from the US and the US could still claim neutrality since both sides were buying from them • In Chicago Roosevelt delivered the “Quarantine Speech” which expressed the awareness of aggressions in Italy and Japan and wanted to quarantine the aggressors through economic embargos • Isolationists were furious • Feared involvement that they didn’t want • Isolationists mood intensified • In December 1937 Japanese aviators sank an American gunboat, Panay when it was in Chinese water, 2 died 30 were injured • Japanese apologized and so America didn’t have to get involved like they feared

15. Appeasing Japan and Germany cont. • Hitler began to grow in Europe, he introduced military service in Germany, breaking the Treaty of Versailles • Hitler wanted to prosecute and exterminate the Jewish population in the places he controlled • In March 1938 Hitler took over Austria (German speaking part) • He kept getting stronger with power as he gained more countries • In September 1938 a conference was held in Munich, Germany • It was hoped that the Americans would help Hitler and aid him in power

16. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S neutrality • Joseph Stalin was the key to peace • In summer, 1939, the British and French were negotiating with the Soviets • On August 23, 1939 it was announced that the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitler • This pact meant that Nazi Germany could make war with Poland and Western Democracies without fear of the Soviet Union retaliating on them • Hitler demanded that Poland had to return any land gained after World War I that originally belonged to Germany • Britain and France declared war on Germany to honor their commitment to Poland • After three weeks of terror Poland had been lost to Germany • Roosevelt issued the traditional neutrality proclamations • Britain and France were unprepared for war and desperately needed American aid • Congress met to discuss lifting the arms embargo and the Neutrality Act of 1939 provided that European democracies could purchase weaponry and other war material but they would have to transport them themselves • Roosevelt also authorized danger zones where American ships would be unable to travel to • Hurt Chinese trade with America because Japan had set up a blockade • Favored European democracies over European dictatorships • Brought US out of the Great Depression

17. The fall of France • Soviets began to fight with Finland because they wanted a buffer zone, but other then that lacked any reasons for it • Even with some finical help from the US, the Soviets took over Finland • In April 1940 Hitler took over weak Denmark and Norway, then attacked the Netherlands and Belgium which was devastating to France • In June France had to surrender because Hitler was being backed up by Mussolini who tried attacking them • Feared air bombings after they surrendered • France’s defeat scared the Americans, the only hope left was England, and if they lost all of Western Europe would have been under his control, which would be a threat to the US • Roosevelt began to build up an army along with supplies, so they would be ready if needed in Europe and could check on Japan • Congress passed a conscription law which was the first time there was a peacetime draft so troops could be trained and put into reserves • Latin American countries would be a problem if the Germans over took any of those as well

18. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) • Only England was in the way of Hitler’s plan for world domination • Neutrality was becoming more and more questionable • Throughout August Hitler was launching air attacks all over Great Britain • Debate in the US intensified over what to do about the war • Sympathy grew when radio broadcasts were listened to in the US of air raids, but not enough to get involved • Roosevelt had to choose to keep our business in the Western Hemisphere or help Britain fight the war • Many believed to protect ourselves we had to help our allies • Isolationists thought if we turned a blind eye we would be fine because we stayed out of it • Britain needed help desperately • On September 2, 1940 Roosevelt gave Great Britain old supplies from World War I and Britain would give the US valuable base sights from Newfoundland to South America • It was torn in America to support or not • Hitler’s aggression grew at the American’s breaking neutrality

19. FDR shatters the Two-term tradition (1940) • Two Republican candidates were Robert A. Taft, the son of William Taft, and Thomas E. Dewey a lawyer prosecutor • But in the Philadelphia convention a newcomer, Wendell L. Willkie who had previously been a democrat came out, and quickly stuck to people, he was thought to be a modern day Lincoln • Willkie took the Republican ticket • Roosevelt waited until last minute to announce if he was rerunning and breaking the two-term tradition, which he was going to do • Both said they would stay out of war • Roosevelt won, Willkie was still a strong contender in the popular vote, but the electoral votes came out to 449 to 82 • Many voters felt that if war should come it should be handled by someone with experience

20. Congress passes the landmark Lend-lease law • Roosevelt decided to start leasing and lending arms to the British, and then when they were finished they could be returned because they had been running out of war supplies • Lend- Lease Bill was passed and it was believed that it would further help protect the US • The US would send supplies instead of people, helping from a distance without getting hurt • Many of the supplies they sent were left over from World War I • Marked the end to any neutrality left in America • Hitler recognized this as an unofficial start of war • On May 21, 1941 an unarmed, American merchant shipped was torpedoed and destroyed by a German submarine outside of the warzone

21. Hitler’s assault on the Soviet union spawns the Atlantic Charter • Two big events happened in World War II that shocked the world • Fall of France • Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union • Neither Stalin or Hitler trusted the other, even with their agreement at the beginning of the war • Hitler decided to go after the Soviet Union because of his lack of trust, and they had valuable resources, such as oil, that the Germans could use • On June 22, 1941 Hitler launched a horrible attack on the Soviet Union, but they would not quickly collapsed like it was believed they would • Stalin joins the democracies • Roosevelt promised assistance right away and using the lend-lease law to help the USSR • Prime Minister Winston Churchill met secretly with Roosevelt on a warship to discuss the problems, including the threat of a Japanese uprising • The eight-point Atlantic Charter was accepted by the two and later by the Soviet Union, which was a document much like the Fourteen Points that would outline the aspirations of democracies when the war was over • Very specific, made promises of no territorial changes, affirmed right of people to choose their own form of government, regain previous governments before dictators, disarmament of peace of security, and a new League of Nations were all included in the points

22. U.S destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats clash • Shipments of arms to Britain were often sunk by German submarines • British didn’t have enough warships to protect the munitions coming in • Roosevelt made the fateful decision to convoy in July of 1941, the navy now led munitions to England sometimes as far as Iceland, then Britain would be responsible for the distribution of them • Many were attacked and Roosevelt proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy • Neutrality was still in the books, but wasn’t believed by anyone • They stopped the Neutrality Act of 1939 in November 1941 • Merchant ships could now be armed • Americans braced themselves for a full on German attack

23. Surprise assault on pearl harbor • The biggest surprise came in the Pacific, an explosion by Japan • Japan had been a large ally of Nazi Germany since September 1940 • They were a war machine supplied by steel, scrap iron, oil, and aviation oil, all supplied by the US • In 1940 the US began starting embargos on the Japanese • Tense negotiations with Japan took place in Washington during November and December of 1941 • State department insisted that they had to leave China • Officials found out that the Japanese were going to choose war • No one thought they would attack Hawaii • The blow to Pearl Harbor was devastating • They attacked without warning on December 7, 1941 • Three thousand casualties were inflicted on Americans, aircrafts were destroyed, battleship fleet was wiped out because they were sunk or immobilized, luckily the three priceless aircraft carriers were outside the harbor • War was recognized the next day • The Senate and House were unanimously set on war for Germany and Italy, and all other Japanese allies

24. America’s transformation from bystander to belligerent • Japan’s gamble in Hawaii paid off for only a short amount of time • The Pacific fleet was destroyed or immobilized • They brought together the US instead of tearing it apart, bringing a sense of nationalism • The attack was the last straw in a series of events that led the US to war • They wanted to keep Britain from collapsing and to do this they had to get involved

25. chronology • 1933 • FDR torpedoed the London Economic Conference • U.S finally recognized the Soviet Union • FDR began the Good Neighbor policy with Latin America • 1934 • Tydings-McDuffle Act gave the Philippines their independence on July 4, 1946 • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act • 1935 • Mussolini invades Ethiopia • U.S declares neutrality once again with the Neutrality Act of 1935 • 1936 • Declares neutrality again with the act in 1936 • Spanish Civil War begins and lasts until 1939 • 1937 • Stayed neutral • Panay incident • Japan invades China

26. Chronology • 1938 • Hitler takes control of Austria • Munich Conference • 1939 • Hitler gains control of all of Czechoslovakia • Nazi-Soviet pact • World War II began in Europe when Hitler invaded Poland • U.S. still stays neutral • 1940 • Fall of France • Hitler invaded Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium. OH NO! • U.S invokes first peacetime draft • Havana conference • Battle of Britain • Bases-for-destroyers deal with Britain • FDR defeats Willkie for the presidency • 1941 • Lend-Lease Act • Hitler attacks Russia • Atlantic Charter is established • Japan attacks Pear Harbor, bringing America into war

27. Review • What did the US do to help democracies in Europe without taking part in war? • What final event pushed the US into war? • What three dictators emerged in this time period? • Why did FDR win over Willkie? • Why did the US want to help Britain when they were the last powerful democratic country in eastern Europe?

28. Review Answers • They began to trade with European democracies, leaving out the dictatorships. • The attack on Pearl Harbor. • Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin • Many wanted someone experienced to run the country if a war emerged • They felt that they would be next if Britain was destroyed, and they wanted to be protected by their allies, so they believed they should help them.