Chapter 34

1. Chapter 34 Behavior

2. Stimulus - any kind of signal, or change in the environment • Response - specific reaction to a stimulus 1200 http://www.freemosquitoringtones.org/

3. innate behavior - instinct, inborn behavior • Genetic • All members of a species will exhibit the behavior • fully functional when performed first time • Ex: spider spinning web, nest building in birds, human smile

5. learned behavior: acquired behavior • 4 types of learning • habituation - animal decreases or stops its response to a repeated stimulus that neither rewards nor harms

6. classical conditioning: animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and reward • Ex: Pavlov’s dogs

7. Operant conditioning: animal learns to behave in a certain way to receive an award (or to avoid punishment) • trial and error learning • may begin with a random event resulting in a reward • Ex: Skinner box, gambling, grades, paycheck

8. insight learning (reasoning): most complex type of learning • Use learned information to solve a new problem • Ex: making & using tools, math, etc…

9. Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles • migration: movement from one place to another, then back again • influenced by the seasons

19. Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles • Circadian rhythms: behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns • Ex: daily sleeping pattern Man’s sleep-waking cycle seldom runs exactly 24 hours: An English cave expert who spent 105 days alone underground found that he tended to fall asleep a little later every night; his internal “day” averaged 24.7 hours. In some cases, the cycle can be experimentally reset to a slightly different period. Nathaniel Kleitman, an American expert who has studied sleep from many standpoints, proved this during a stay of several weeks in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, with an associate, Bruce Richardson. The two scientists put themselves on a 28-hour day for 32 days. Their body temperatures, which seem to be the most useful index of the body’s circadian changes, were recorded at frequent intervals. Richardson adjusted to the abnormal days with no difficulty; his temperature regularly hit a peak during waking hours and a trough while he slept. Kleitman’s body, however, clung stubbornly to its 24-hour-day cycle; as a result, he was frequently sleepy and irritable during the day and restless at night.

20. Patterns of Behavior: behavioral cycles • Courtship: individual sends stimuli (visual, sounds, pheromones, etc…) to attract a mate • Ex: fireflies, moths • Ritual: done by all members of a species • For species recognition • Helps female select a mate • Ex: bowerbirds, spiders

26. Social Behavior: group behavior • Strength in numbers • Division of labor • ex: bees, wasps, termites, humans & other primates, mammals, etc… • prisoner’s dilemma

29. Territory: area occupied & protected by individual or group • Area contains limited food, water, etc… • Ex: many mammals are territorial

30. Aggression: threatening behavior used to gain control

31. Communication: pass information from one individual to another • Visual: used by animals with good vision • ex: birds • Chemical: information passed through smell • ex: pheromone • Sound: information passed through noise • ex: crickets, frogs, birds, whales