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China and Japan’s Reaction to Western Exploration

China and Japan’s Reaction to Western Exploration. The Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644). 1368 Hongwu became the first Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty He had many goals including : Restoring agricultural land Increasing China’s prosperity Erasing traces of the Mongols His reforms included :

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China and Japan’s Reaction to Western Exploration

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  1. China and Japan’s Reaction to Western Exploration

  2. The Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644) • 1368 Hongwubecame the first Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty • He had many goals including: • Restoring agricultural land • Increasing China’s prosperity • Erasing traces of the Mongols His reforms included: • Increased the imperial administration by restoring merit-based civil service exams • Used respected traditions and institutions to promote stability, such as the return to Confucianism • He became a tyrant • Power struggle after his death

  3. Yonglo (Hongwu’s son) • Very curious about the world and in 1405 he begins exploring the world with all voyages led by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim admiral • He showed Chinese superiority everywhere he went by distributing gifts, which led other nations to pay tribute to the Chinese • 1433, after 7th expedition, the Chinese withdraw into isolation

  4. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • Official trade policies of the 1500s reflected isolation with the government controlling all trade through a few official ports • BUT merchants traded anyway as European demand for silk and ceramics was very high • Manufacturing and commerce increased but China did not industrialize • Commerce was against Confucian beliefs • Chinese policies favored agriculture

  5. The Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1911) Manchus (people of Manchuria) • 1644 Manchus invade a weakened China and take the Chinese name Qing Kangxi (1654- 1722) • 1661- he became ruler and ruled for about 60 years • He supported the intellectuals and lowered taxes Quian- long (1735- 1795) • China reached its greatest size and prosperity under him

  6. Trade with China • All Europeans wanted to trade with China but they had to comply with China’s demands Dutch • Accepted China’s rules of paying tribute and doing a kowtow British • Wanted to trade but wouldn’t comply with all the restrictions

  7. Daily Life in Ming and Qing China • Development of agriculture pays off and rice production increases leading to a population boom (by 1800 the population is about 300 million!) • Most families farmed land • Sons were favored over daughters leading to increase in infant mortality • Men dominated the household • Footbinding continued because of women’s inferior status

  8. Japan • 1467 civil war shatters Japan’s feudal system and the country drives deeper into chaos • Central rule ended taking power away from the shoguns and to territorial lords • 1467-1568- Sengoku or Warring States period • Powerful Samurai, known as daimyo, took control of old feudal estates and the daimyo became lords of a new type of feudalism in Japan

  9. Japanese Leaders Oda Nobunaga • Defeated rivals and seized Kyoto in 1568 • Unable to unify Japan • Committed suicide in 1582 ToyotomiHideyoshi (Nobunaga’s best general) • Wanted to destroy the rest of the daimyo that remained hostile • By 1590 controlled most of the country • 1592 invaded Korea • 1598 died and troops withdraw from Korea

  10. Tokugawa Ieyasu • Completes the unification of Japan • 1600 defeated rivals in the battle of Sekigahara and becomes sole ruler three years later • Moved capital to Edo (later renamed Tokyo) • Alternate attendance policy Tokugawa Shogunate • Would continue through 1867 and Japan would experience more than two centuries of stability, prosperity, and isolationism

  11. Contact between Europe and Japan • 1543 Portuguese sailors wash up on shore and want to get in on Japan’s trade with China and Southeast Asia • Europeans introduce firearms to the Japanese • 1549 Christian missionaries begin arriving in Japan • 1612- Japan bans Christianity and focused on ridding the country of foreigners • 1637 peasants rebellion in the south, which led to persecution of all Christians and push to rid entire Japan of Christians Closed Country Policy • 1639 Japan’s borders are sealed • For almost 200 years Japan developed a self- sufficient country, free from European attempts to colonize or to establish their presence

  12. Discussion Question • How was the treatment of Europeans different in Japan and China? • How was it similar?

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