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PRIORITIZE. “We must not sacrifice our future for a momentary pleasure.”. VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS. Canine and Feline. Vaccination Failures. Vaccines do not produce immunity in 100% of population Should decrease severity
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PRIORITIZE “We must not sacrifice our future for a momentary pleasure.”
VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS Canine and Feline
Vaccination Failures • Vaccines do not produce immunity in 100% of population • Should decrease severity • Protection of 70% of population sufficient if communicability is low • In general practice, 1 vaccine break constitutes a failure
MODIFIED LIVE vs. KILLED • MLV • Strong, long-lasting immune response that is achieved with fewer doses • Adjuvants are not as necessary • Quicker immune respones • Less chance of allergic reactions • After it is mixed only effective 1 hour • KILLED (inactivated) • More stable in storage • Unlikely to contain contaminating pathogens • Unlikely to cause disease due to residual disease-causing characteristics • Produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity NO VACCINE IS 100% EFFECTIVE!
ADJUVANTS • Chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins • Enhances the immune response to vaccine antigens • Aluminum gels/ salts
CORE VACCINE • Severity of disease • Transmissibility • Zoonotic potential
CORE VACCINESWHAT ARE THEY? • Those vaccines that every puppy should receive; identified by vaccine experts such as the AAHA Canine Task Force • CORE VACCINES FOR CANINES INCLUDE: • Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) • Canine Distemper virus (CDV) • rCDV: Recombinat
CORE VACCINES • Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) • CAV-2 protects both 1 & 2 • Infectious Canine Heaptitis • No CAV-1 because of anterior uveitis • Hepatitis blue ice • Rabies virus (RV) • Killed vaccine • State/provincial/local laws
VACCINES – GENERAL GUIDELINES • Begin: 6-9 weeks of age • Do not give vaccines earlier than 5-6 weeks *remember maternal antibody interference • Frequency: q 2-4 weeks • May vary according to risk, vaccine • End: at least one dose should be given at age 14-16 weeks of age or older • Revaccination: at 1 year of age or 1 year after the last puppy vaccination
VACCINES-SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS, RABIES VACCINATION • Rabies vaccine is initially given at 12 wks of age • Does not need to be boostered in 2-4 weeks, but rather within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs. • Rabies vaccine is the only canine vaccine requiring a minimum duration of immunity study and labeled as 1 yr or 3 yr. by the USDA.
VACCINES-DURATION OF IMMUNITY • The minimum duration of immunity for the core vaccines (except rabies) is at least 5-7 yrs. (after initial puppy set of vxns) • based on challenge and/or antibody titers you can even have this done in your own pets to determine his/her immunity level against a particular disease. • Today, a 3 yr revaccination program has been recommended in the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines for dogs and the American Association of Feline Practitioners Guidelines for cats
SO WHY DO WE VACCINATE EVERY YEAR? • Following the vaccine label • Veterinarians resistant to change • Fear that not revaccinating will cause the animal to become susceptible soon after one year. • Compliance with boarding kennel rules
VACCINES-NON-CORE • Optional or non-core vaccines should only be given to animals that need them and only as often as needed! • Potential problems: duration of immunity is not known, the efficacy is limited or not known • EX: Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Canine Influenza, Lyme disease, Canine coronavirus, Giardia (AAHA Guidelines do not recommend coronavirus or giardia vaccines unless they can be proven to be beneficial for a certain animal)
VACCINES-NON-CORE • New vaccines: snakebites (Crotalus sp. Toxoid, western diamonback rattlesnake), periodontal disease (porphyromonas sp.), as well as a therapeutic vaccine for treatment of canine melanomas. *VACCINES MUST BE TAILORED TO THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL -Older/younger animal vs. adult - bacterial vaccine vs. viral vaccine • Geographic area
VACCINES-GENERAL GUIDELINES IN FELINES • Begin: 8-10 weeks of age • Frequency: q 2-4 weeks • End: last dose at 14-16 weeks of age
CORE VACCINES-FELINE • Feline parvovirus (panleukopenia) • Feline calicivirus • Feline herpes virus (viral rhinotracheitis) • Rabies virus • Given at 12-16 weeks of age • FVRCP
VACCINES-NON-CORE • FeLV (feline leukemia) • FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) • Chlamydia • Feline coronavirus (FIP) • Feline Giardia • Bordetella bronchiseptica • Feline systemic calicivirus
VACCINE QUESTIONS • May I use smaller vaccine dose in small breeds to reduce the risk of adverse reactions? • NO- the volume (1.0ml) as recommended by the manufacturer generally represents the minimum immunizing dose • This means that a Great Dane should receive the same amount of vaccine as a Chihuahua
VACCINE QUESTIONS • May I vaccinate pregnant pets? • It is best to avoid this. Risk to the fetuses is a concern. Assess risk vs. benefit
VACCINE QUESTIONS • May I vaccinate a patient while under anesthesia? • It is best not to do this. The patient may develop a hypersensitivity reaction that may be harder to recognize under anesthesia and may be more difficult to treat. Risk of vomiting and aspiration is higher.
VACCINE QUESTIONS • May I inject a modified live intranasal Bordetella vaccine? • NO- the vaccine can cause a severe local reaction and may even result in death (liver disease) • Intranasal vaccines are effective against respiratory disease, form immunoglobulin A which produces quick local immunity