Project on TSUNAMI

1. Submitted to: Mr. Shiv Kumar TyagiSubmitted by: Apoorva Tyagi X-A Roll no. 14 Project on TSUNAMI

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • I would hereby like to thank my teachers , who have taught me so well; my family members; and all the consultants from whom I have got some knowledge about the topic which has helped me in making this as informative as it is at the present moment.

3. INTRODUCTION • One of the natural disasters which has threatened mankind since ages with its disastrous results is Tsunami. As a rule, water is considered a necessary part of life. However, it has, in some cases, shown its ugly side. Tsunami is a phenomenon which originates in oceans or large water bodies. The destruction it causes is unimaginable. • In this project, we are going to study the causes, effects and mitigation strategies of tsunami.

4. CONTENTS • DEFINITION • NATURE OF TSUNAMI • HISTORY OF TSUNAMI • CAUSES • AREAS PRONE • EFFECTS • MITIGATION MEASURES • CASE STUDY

5. DEFINATION • The word ‘Tsunami’ originates from a Japanese word that means, “Harbor wave”. Tsunami are huge waves generated by the deformation of the floor of the sea by several seismic activities that leads to the vertical displacement of the water in the oceans. When traveling over the deep ocean, Tsunami happens to have a low height but on reaching the shallow waters, they transform into huge and high waves. This generally happens near the coasts. The recent February 2011 tsunami in Japan and the December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean shook the entire world.

6. . The tsunami fathered waves with a height of almost 15 meters in height. Tsunamis are also called seismic sea waves.  Whereas most waves that we experience day to day are created by both the gravitational pull of the moon on the sea and wind acting upon the sea, tsunamis have other causes.  They can be created by landslides, underwater volcanoes and more commonly underwater earthquakes. 

7. Nature Of Tsunami • Tsunami generally travels very fast across the ocean (typically 500km/h or more). In deep water the height of tsunami might not be great but the height can increase dramatically when they reach the shoreline because the wave slows in shallow water and the energy becomes more concentrated. In addition to the inherent increase in the height of the wave from this shoaling effect, the momentum of the wave might cause it to reach a considerable height as it travels up sloping land. It is typical for multiple waves to result from one tsunami-generating event and these could be several hours apart when they reach a distant shore.

8. Amplitude  is approximately the maximum height of the wave above sea level when in deep water . • see diagram.

9. Run-up height is the vertical height above sea level of the tsunami at its furthest point inland.Run-up factor is the run-up height divided by the deepwater wave amplitudeThe run-up factor can vary considerably, depending on local topography and the direction of travel of the wave. Hills and Goda (1998) note that earthquake-generated tsunami in Japan have an average run-up factor of 10 but sometimes reaches 25. In Hawaii run-up factors of 40 have been observed for earthquake-generated tsunami. There is a particular danger to seaports from tsunami because the approach channel to the port can support a much more energetic tsunami (there is less energy dissipated or reflected as it travels over the continental shelf)..

10. HISTORY OF TSUNAMI • Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. In recent years, this term has fallen out of favor, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides. The once-popular term derives from their most common appearance, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water is much greater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide. • Lisbon earthquake and tsunami • in 1755

11. The Russians of Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin in Japan, with their ships tossed inland by a tsunami, meeting some Japanese in 1779. • . Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling” or "having the form or character of“the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsunami are not limited to harbours, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers. • The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen

12. Why Tsunami happens ? • When two plates driven by convecting heat in the Earth’s interior grind against one another, then a stress with a massive energy is build up. Eventually the stress becomes too much and the upper plate snaps back – causing the earthquake.

13. When an earthquake occurs under the ocean its seismic energy can dissipate through the Earth's crust or as shockwaves through the ocean water. A tsunami initiation can also be caused if the earthquake occurs close to the surface. The movement of the sea bed upwards displaces billions of tonnes of water above it, and if the sea floor falls then water rushes in to replace it.

14. Tsunami Prone Areas in INDIA • Tidal waves, or tsunami, often set off by under-sea earthquakes, have caused several major disasters in coastal communities over the years. References to these waves date back as far as ancient Greece and Rome, killing thousands of residents. Areas prone to tsunami are: • In December 2004, Pondicheri, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar islands were struck by a Tsunami.

15. Tsunami prone areas all over the world • August 16, 1976, a tsunami kills more than 5,000 people in the Moro Gulf region of the Philippines. • March 28, 1964, Good Friday earthquake in Alaska sends out a wave swamping much of the Alaskan coast and destroying three villages. • May 22, 1960, a wave reported as up to 35-feet high kills 1,000 in Chile and causes damage in Hawaii, • April 1, 1946, Alaskan quake generates a tsunami that destroys North Cape Lighthouse, killing five. The tremor which began in Indonesia took just a couple of hours to spread itself to the neighbouring countries Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Maldives, Bangladesh.

16. January 31, 1906, a devastating offshore quake submerges part of Tumaco, Colombia, and washes away every house on the coast between Rioverde, Ecuador, and Micay, Colombia. Death toll estimated at 500 to 1,500. December 17, 1896, a tsunami washes away part of the embankment and main boulevard of Santa Barbara, California. June 15, 1896, the Sanriku tsunami strikes Japan without warning. A wave estimated at more than 70 feet high hits a crowd gathered to celebrate a religious festival, killing more than 26,000 people. August 27, 1883 a massive wave that sweeps over the shores of nearby Java and Sumatra, killing 36,000 people. November 1, 1775, the great Lisbon earthquake generates a wave up to 20-feet high that strikes coastal Portugal, Spain and Morocco.

17. Effects of Tsunami in IndiaENVIORNMENTAL IMPACT • Almost 2,260 km of coastline was immensely affected by the tsunami, thereby causing huge damages in the coastal regions of the state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, coasts of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The tsunami had several primary impacts on the environment. Huge amount of rubble and debris were generated thereby leading to environmental pollution. There has been accretion or erosion and sedimentation of waterways and lagoons in several places alongside the coast. There has been pollution of the agricultural lands, surface and ground water resources, and also the deposition of organic deposits of the sea-bed on land.

18. . Coconut plantations and Fishery resources have been badly affected. Some of the secondary impacts of Tsunami included destructions of temporary shelters and structures, relief camps; poor sanitation practices; changes in the land use resulting from the loss of many agricultural lands etc.; increase in the blending of chemicals in water during reconditioning and reclamation of the agricultural lands that were affected. Large amount of coastal regions were affected through the inflow of sediment and salt water. Besides, aquatic and terrestrial pollution also took place in terms of sewage, chemical effluents and physical debris.

19. SOCIAL IMPACT • Tsunami, the biggest natural disaster, has destroyed many communities, taking a high toll of lives, causing injuries, adversely affecting families, livelihoods and homes. There have been long term problems and consequences for the affected families torn apart by injuries, disability or death, for the single parents, widows, children, orphans, etc.. One of the surprising fact was that in the states and the Union territories affected by tsunami, in comparison to men, more children and women lost their lives.

20. . Most of them who were affected near the coastline were the fishermen who faced the maximum damage in case of livelihood, housing, household assets, dwelling units, and productive assets such as nets and boats. Disturbed Minds; societal problems in certain social groups; bad habits such as drinking; psychological problems among the students; fear for sea among the children are among the post Tsunami impacts on the people and their social life.

21. ECONOMIC IMPACT • The Tsunami of 2004 also resulted in some major economic issues and problems. Many people who were badly hit by this disastrous calamity never had a savings account or rather a bank account for that matter. Some people lost their main source of livelihood. The fishermen lost their boats and nets. Some of the boats and other important materials were damaged. People, who were in the habit of keeping money in their houses, lost it all by the Tsunami waves. .  Money was required to restart the business and their lives. Basic infrastructure needed to be developed. A mosque in Banda Aceh - the only building left standing in this region

22. . Government aids and assistance at various levels such as finance and subsidies were necessary. Most importantly, long term rehabilitation of those people affected by the Tsunami was required. The giant tsunami that resulted in unprecedented destruction and death in the South and South-East Asia will be remembered in the pages of history as 1 among the greatest and deadliest natural disasters in the modern times. In minutes, millions of lives were put to death across the several nations worldwide; large numbers of people were rendered homeless; women became widows, children became orphans, while innumerable families were wiped out within few seconds. People affected by tsunami, till date are struggling to come out of the deadliest impacts of such a devastating natural calamity that not only affected the people but also left a long term impression on them, both physically and mentally.

23. MITIGATION MEASURES • In some tsunami-prone countries earthquake engineering measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore. Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans. That country has built many tsunami walls of up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. Animation of the 2004 tsunami wave as it travels across the Indian Ocean

24. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, the Okushiri Hokkaidō Tsunamiwhich struck Okushiri Islandof Hokkaidō within two to five minutes of the earthquake on July 12, 1993 created waves as much as 30 metres (100 ft) tall—as high as a 10-story building. The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.

25. Tsunami in the Indian ocean

28. Tsunami in India- Case Study • The earthquake and resulting tsunami in 2004 affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others. • The states in India that got affected severely were Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Images from before and after the tsunami

29. Tamilnadu • The worst affected state in India was Tamilnadu. About 7,793 people lost their lives. In the Nagapattinam district 5,525 people died; in Kanyakumari there were 808 deaths; Cuddalore district had a death toll of 599; in the capital city of Chennai 206 people died while Kancheepuram district saw the death of about 124 people. The number of deaths in other districts of Tamil Nadu was Pudukkottai (15), Tirunelveli (4), Ramanathapuram (6), Tiruvallur (28), Thoothukudi (3), Tiruvarur (10), Thanjavur (22), and Viluppuram (47). • In Kanyakumari, many pilgrims died, who were taking a sacred dip in the sea. In Chennai, those near the Marina beach were killed; at Velankanni in the district of Nagapattinam 1,500 people were washed away.

30. Pondicherry • In the Union territory of Pondicherry, about 30,000 people were rendered homeless. The districts that were badly affected were Pondicherry (107 dead), and Karaikal (453 dead). In Pondicherry, Kariakal saw the most devastating affects and maximum number of deaths. Mostly fishermen, in this region, lost their lives and many were missing.

31. Andhra Pradesh • In the state of Andhra Pradesh, the districts that were affected were Prakasam (35 dead), West Godavari (8 dead), Nellore (20 dead), Krishna (35 dead), Guntur (4 dead), and East Godavari (3 dead).

32. Andaman & Nicobar Island • The Andaman and Nicobar islands were the worst hit owing to its proximity to the ocean. About 7000 people were badly affected. About 1/5th of the population in the islands were dead, injured or missing. The Chowra Island lost 2/3rd of the population. 100 personnel of the Indian Air Force along with their family members were completely washed away at the air base. The base got severely damaged. The St. Thomas Cathedral was also washed away entirely, along with one of the cricket stadiums, named after John Richardson

33. KeralaTsunami warning sign. • In the state of Kerala, the districts that got affected were Alappuzha (32 dead), Kollam (131 dead), Ernakulam (5 dead). About 187 villages and 24.70 lakh people were severely affected. About 6,280 dwelling units were damaged.

34. BIBLIOGRAPHY • I have acquired the matter for making this presentation from • “Contemporary India I” • “Contemporary India II” • Various sites from the Internet.