What Shapes the Ecosystem?

1. What Shapes the Ecosystem?

2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic: All living things in the ecosystems. • Examples: lions, flowers, and bacteria. • Abiotic: Nonliving factors that shape the ecosystems. • Examples: temperature, precipitation and humidity. • Both determine the growth and survival of the organism and the productivity of the ecosystem.

3. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section:

4. Habitat • The area in which an organism lives. • Includes biotic and abiotic factors.

5. Niche • The job or function of the organism in the ecosystem. • Includes: • Food sources • How it reproduces • Conditions required to survive • Time of day most active • No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat.

6. Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

7. Community Interactions • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

8. Competition • When organisms try to use the same resources in the same place at the same time. • Resource: any necessity in life. • Water • Nutrients • Light (tall trees block smaller trees) • Food (Two species of turtles compete for food).

9. Competitive Exclusion • In nature, there will always be a winner (lives) and a loser (dies). • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

11. Predation • When one organism captures and feeds on another. • Predator: organism that does the killing and eating • Prey: food organism

12. Symbiosis • Two species live closely together.

13. Mutualism • Both species benefit from the situation • Ants and acacia trees • Insects and flowers

14. Commensalism • One organism benefits but the other is not helped or harmed. • Barnacles on whales • Clown fish an sea anemones

15. Parasitism • One organisms lives on or inside an organism and harms it. • Fleas, lice, and parasitic fig trees!

16. What type of Symbiosis? • Tapeworms in a dog= • Crabs use seaweed as camouflage= • Leeches that hook onto your body= • Intestinal bacteria in humans produce Vitamin K= • Moss on the trees= • The acacia trees feed the ants and the ants protect the tree=

17. Ecological Succession • Ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances. • Older inhabitants die out and new ones move in. • Result from slow changes to the environment, natural disasters, clearing of forests.

18. Primary Succession • On land, on the surfaces where no soil exist and bare rocks. • Occur after volcanic eruption has covered an area with ashes or lava, or formed new islands. • Pioneer Species: First species to arrive to a new area. • Lichens break apart rocks, rocks and dead lichens add nutrients, then plants grow.

19. Secondary Succession • When a disturbance changes the existing community without removing the soil. • Lands cleared for farming, and wild fires.

20. Primary Succession Secondary Succession