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Appendix II

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Appendix II

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  1. SUPPLEMENTPromoting Active Learning: The “Self-Assembly” of Model Analytical InstrumentsW. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. KrullDepartment of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, CanadaEmail: russ.algar@utoronto.ca, ulrich.krull@utoronto.ca

  2. Appendix II Examples of Assembled Instruments

  3. 1. Single beam UV-visible spectrophotometer • Power supply • Tungsten lamp • Deuterium lamp • Mirror (ellipsoidal) • Monochromator (with slits and bend) • Cuvette (solution) • PMT • Electronics (general) • Analog meter Suggested marks: Components /4.5 Assembly /2.5

  4. 2. Double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer • Tungsten-halogen lamp • Rotating chopper_sector mirror • Mirror (flat) • Cuvette (solution) • Beam-splitter • Monochromator slit • Holographic grating • Diode array • Electronics (general) Suggested marks: Components /5.5 Assembly /2

  5. Suggested marks: Components /6.5 Assembly /2.5 • 3. Fluorescence spectrophotometer • Arc lamp • Lens [x2] • PMT [x2] • Cuvette (solution) • Monochromator (no slits) [x2] • Monochromator slit [x4] • Beam-splitter

  6. 4. Confocal fluorescence microscope • Laser (cylinder) • Band-pass filter (short-pass) • Band-pass filter (long-pass) • Dichroic mirror • Lens • Pinhole • CCD camera • Microscope slide and sample • Objective lens 150x • XYZ translation stage • Computer (desktop) Suggested marks: Components /5.5 Assembly /3

  7. 5. Raman spectrometer • Laser • Cuvette (solution) • Lens • Notch filter • Monochromator slit [x3] • Holographic grating [x2] • Mirror (ellipsoidal) [x2] • CCD camera Suggested marks: Components /6 Assembly /3 The images of individual optical components have been used to assemble a double monochromator rather than using the images of full monochromators.

  8. 6. Raman microscope • Laser (cylinder) • Beam-splitter • Objective lens 100x • Microscope slide and sample • XYZ translation stage • Notch filter • Lens • Monochromator slit • Monochromator (no slits) • CCD camera Suggested marks: Components /5 Assembly /3

  9. Suggested marks: Components /4 Assembly /2 • 7. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometer • IR source (shielded) • Michelson interferometer (with detail) • DRIFTS accessory* • Photodiode (TO-CAN 3 pins)** • Electronics (general) • Analog to digital conversion • Fast Fourier Transform • Computer (laptop) * The drifts accessory can be substituted by the “ZnSe crystal for ATR-FTIR” image or a conventional sample. **The TO-CAN photodiode is being used as a representation of a pyroelectric detector. The TO-CAN can also be used as a representation of an MCT detector. This requires liquid nitrogen cooling. The “cryostat with window” and “liquid nitrogen dewar” images can be incorporated in the schematic. The “MCT detector” image can also be used.

  10. Suggested marks: Components /6.5 Assembly /3 • 8. Fourier transform infrared absorption microscope • IR source (unshielded) • Michelson interferometer (simple with rays) • Mirror (flat) • XYZ translation stage • Microscope slide with sample • Objective lens 60x • Lens • Photodiode (TO-CAN 3 pins) • Cryostat with window • Liquid nitrogen dewar • Fast Fourier transform • Computer (desktop) • The photodiode (TO-CAN) and cryostat are being used as an MCT detector.

  11. Suggested marks: Components /3.5 Assembly /2 Exhaust • 9. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer • Gas cylinder (argon) • Hollow cathode lamp (simple) • Graphite furnace • Monochromator (no slits) • Monochromator slit [x2] • PMT The hollow cathode lamp can be replaced with an electrodeless discharge lamp, or a turret of hollow cathode lamps.

  12. Suggested marks: Components /5.5 Assembly /3 Magnetic Field • 10. Zeeman corrected flame atomic • absorption spectrometer • Electrodeless discharge lamp • Polarizing filter (rotating) • Nebulizer 3 • Beaker (rim, full) • Spray chamber and burner (two inlets and one drain) • Gas cylinder (acetylene) • Gas cylinder (compressed air) • Monochromator (no slits) • Monochromator slit [x2] • PMT Waste * As an alternative to having students draw in the magnetic field, one of the magnet images could be incorporated.

  13. 11. Hydride generation atomic emission spectrometer • Media bottle (with outlet) [x2] • Beaker (rim, full) • Peristaltic pump [x3] • Coil • Gas-liquid separator • ICP torch • Rowland circle • PMT [x4] • Gas cylinder (argon) HCl (aq) NaBH4 (aq) Suggested marks: Components /7.5 Assembly /2.5 Sample waste

  14. 12. Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer • Coolidge tube • X-ray filter (zirconium) • X-ray collimator (simple) [x2] • Crystal (lattice) • Goniometer • HPGE detector and cryostat • Liquid nitrogen dewar (flat) • Pulse height analyzer • Computer (desktop) Suggested marks: Components /5 Assembly /2.5

  15. Suggested marks: Components /9 Assembly /3 To exhaust • 13. Gas chromatograph • Gas cylinder (helium) • Gas cylinder (compressed air) • Gas cylinder (hydrogen) • Moisture trap [x3] • Split-splitless injector • GC oven • GC column • Flame ionization detector • Power supply • Ground symbol [x2] • Resistor symbol • Current follower • Low pass RC filter • Analog to digital conversion • Computer (desktop)

  16. 14. Gas chromatograph with dual detectors • Gas cylinder (helium) • Moisture trap • Valve (simple) • Vaporizer direct injector • GC column (simple in oven) • Thermal conductivity conductor (cross-section) • Electron capture detector Exhaust Exhaust Suggested marks: Components /3.5 Assembly /2.5

  17. waste Suggested marks: Components /6 Assembly /3 • 15. HPLC • Gas cylinder (helium) • Solvent proportioning valve • HPLC solvent bottle (with sparge) [x4] • HPLC pump • Autosampler • Valve system • HPLC guard column • HPLC column • HPLC UV-vis detector * The waste outlet on the column or UV-Vis detector can be connected to a second detector or an ESI component to create LC-MS instruments.

  18. Suggested marks: Components /4.5 Assembly /3 • 16. Laser ablation ICP-MS • Gas cylinder (argon) • Ablation cell • Pulsed laser (with mirror and lens) • ICP torch (cross-section) • Sampler skimmer (with ion transfer optics) • Quadrupole (with vac connect) • Electron multiplier • Turbomolecular pump (cross-section) • Vacuum pump

  19. 17. Tandem MS with ESI and Q-ToF • Gas generator (simple) • ESI source (with hexapole) • Syringe pump (with syringe) • Quadrupole (with vac connect • Hexapole (with vac and gas connect) • TOF reflectron • Oil diffusion pump (cross-section) • Vacuum pump (rotary) Suggested marks: Components /4.5 Assembly /3

  20. 18. GC-MS • Gas cylinder (helium) • Moisture trap • GC oven (with injector) • Jet separator • Electron impact source • Ion trap (with octupole guide) • Electron multiplier • Vacuum pump • Turbomolecular pump (exterior view) Suggested marks: Components /5 Assembly /3

  21. 19. Double-focusing secondary ion mass spectrometer • Ion gun • Electrostatic lens • Magnetic sector 90 deg • Electrostatic analyzer 90 deg • Electron multiplier • Vacuum pump (rotary) • Turbomolecular pump (cross-section) Suggested marks: Components /4.5 Assembly /2.5

  22. 20. MALDI-TOF • Pulsed laser (with lens) • Ablation cell • Crystal (lattice) • TOF with reflectron • Channel electron multiplier To Vac Suggested marks: Components /2.5 Assembly /1.5 In this case, the vacuum pump(s) are not included as components and vacuum connections are to be indicated by the student.

  23. 21. SEM with Everhart-Thornley detector • Rotary pump • PMT • Crystal (lattice) • XYZ translation stage • Oil diffusion pump (exterior view) • Magnetic lens [x2] • Electron gun water out Suggested marks: Components /4 Assembly /2.5 water in

  24. 22. Liquid scintillation counter • Scintillation vial (with sample) • PMT [x2] • And operator • Multichannel analyzer • Computer (desktop) Suggested marks: Components /3 Assembly /2 • 23. Home-made pH meter • Digital meter • Salt bridge (with frits) • Glass electrode (not combo) • Ag AgCl electrode • Beaker (rim, full) Suggested marks: Components /3 Assembly /2

  25. Suggested marks: Components /8.5 Assembly /3 • Metal electrode (wire) • Ag AgCl electrode • Electrode (carbon) • Gas cylinder (helium) • Beaker (rim, full) • Analog to digital conversion • Computer (laptop) • Digital to analog conversion • 24. Differential pulse voltammetry • Waveform (linear ramp) • Waveform (pulse train) • Addition operator • Resistor symbol [x2] • Voltage follower • Op amp symbol 1 • Ground symbol 1 [x2]

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