REASONING

1. REASONING STATEMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

2. ‘Conclusion’ means a fact that can be truly inferred from the contents of a given sentence or passage. Generally statements and conclusions consists of a statement/group of statements, followed by certain inferences based on the facts contained in the given statements.Here the candidate is required to analyse the given statements, understand their indirect implications and derive the solution that logically follows the given statement

3. Here are few examples depicting statements and conclusions • Statement : The distance of 900 km by road between bombay and Jafra will be reduced to 280 km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs 7.92 crores per annum on fuel. Conclusions: I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road. II. Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.

4. Sol: According to the statement , sea transport is cheaper than road transport in the case of route from Bombay to Jafra, not in all the cases. So, conclusion I does not follow. The statement stresses on the saving of fuel. So, conclusion II follows. So conclusion II is the right answer.This is the way one has to analyze the given statement.

5. 2. Statement : Vegetable prices are soaring in the market. conclusions : I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity. II. People cannot eat vegetables. Sol: The availability of vegetables is not mentioned in the statement. So, I does not follow. Also, II is not directly related to the statement and so it also does not follow. So, both the conclusions do not satisfy the given statement.

6. 3. Statement : Quality has a price tag. India is allocating lots of funds to education. Conclusions : I. Quality of education in India would improve soon. II. Funding alone can enchance quality of education.

7. Sol: According to the statement, funding is necessary to improve quality and india is allocating funds to education. This means that quallity of education will improve in India. So. I follows. But funding alone is sufficient to enhance quality, is not true. So, II does not follow. Hence only conclusion I supports the givent statement.

8. 4. Statement : soldiers serve their country. conclusions : a) Men generally serve their country b) Those who serve their country are soldiers c) Some men who are soldiers serve their country d) Women do not serve their country because they are not soldiers.

9. Sol: Here c is the option which directly matches the given statement.

10. DERIVING CONCLUSIONS FROM PASSAGES • In this section of logical deduction, the question consists of a brief passage followed by certain inferences based on it. One is required to analyze the passage and grasp the desirable facts from it. Then, he has to consider each inference in context of the given passage , decide upon its degree of truth or falsity and then choose thebest alternative provided accordingly.

11. 5. A recent survey shows that India has the lowest death rate for blood cancer. China, Thailand and Myanmar also have low rates. Higher are found in U.S.A. where spices are not used. The typical American food remains chicken rolls, butter and beef. Conclusions. a) Americans are unorthodox in their food habits. b) Americans dislike spices.

12. c) Spices prevent blood cancer d) Spices promote form of cancer other than blood cancer e) Chicken rolls, butter and beef promote cancer Sol:It is mentioned that Americans have almost the same diet, with no intake of spices. This means that probably they cannot change diet easily and are orthodox in food habits. So we can conclude that the inference is probably false.

13. Questions 6 to 10: Here is a passage followed by several possible inferences which can be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. One has to examine each inference separeately in the context of the passage, decide upon its degree of truth or falsity and choose your answer accordingly from amongst the alternatives provided thereafter.

14. Passage: India is very poorly placed in regard to the reserves of gold ore. Currently, gold is mined at Kolar mines , the worlds deepest and the Hutti mines- both in Karnataka. The other two mines in Anantapur and Chittoor destricts of AP have lately started functioning. The known reserves are places at only 81000 kg of gold content. The annual production of gold has been dwindling. It has come down from 7000 kg in 1951 to 1931 kg in 1986

15. 6. The gold production has decreased by about 72 % in 35 years. a) Definitely true b)probably true c)data inadequate d)probably false e)definitely false. Sol: Total decrease in 35 yrs = 7000-1931 = 5069 kg Therefore percentage of decrease=5000/7000*100 = 72.4% so ‘a’ is the right answer.

16. 7.Hutti mines are deepest in the world Sol: Here we can conclude that the statement is definitely false as it is clearly mentioned in the passage that kolar mines are deepest in the world. 8.India imports gold from other countries. Sol. Here nowhere in the passage it is mentioned about india importing gold from other countries and also it cant be derived from the given passage. So the given data is inadequate.

17. 9.India does not have more than 81000 kg of gold reserves Sol: According to the passage , the known reserves of gold in India is 81000 kg. Perhaps the country has more reserves also which are not known. Therefore here even the data is inadequate. 10. Kolar mines show the largest production of gold.

18. Sol: Here the fact in the given question may be true as Kolar mines are the deepest in the world. So the given statement though not exactly true probably may be true.