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Discussion

Discussion. What does all this mean?. Implications. Discussion. State major findings Strengths and limitations Design, technique, results Discuss findings re: existing information “important” minor findings Implications of findings, for future research, new questions Summary.

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Discussion

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  1. Discussion What does all this mean? Implications

  2. Discussion • State major findings • Strengths and limitations • Design, technique, results • Discuss • findings re: existing information • “important” minor findings • Implications • of findings, for future research, new questions • Summary

  3. Discussion: Problems • Difficult to write • Tend to be verbose, too long • Issues not addressed by the study • Sequence: does not flow • Introduce new information • Harp on trivial or obvious points • Ignore difficult to explain results

  4. Discussion: Do not • Start with history • Repeat all your results • Provide new data • Extrapolate results • Superlatives

  5. Discussion: Make life easy • Think and plan • Sequence • Identify subheadings (4 paragraphs) • Salient results: few sentences • Strengths and limitations • Compare and contrast: Existing literature • Implications • Conclusions: Take home message • For yourself

  6. Focus the discussion • Begin with the most important point • Confine to the subject studied • Focus on key issue • Provide link sentences between paragraphs: ensure flow

  7. Strengths • Study design • Sample size, controls, variables assessed • Length of follow up • Technique • New, established but not used in subset

  8. Limitations • Selection bias • ? Generalize, apply • Drop outs • Discuss unexpected findings • Do not ignore, offer explanation • If none plausible: say so

  9. Compare/contrast • Must: Good grasp of information • Provide explanations for differences • Avoid rhetoric; be diplomatic • Do not hesitate to criticize • reasons, logical argument • Discuss opposing views

  10. Implications • Inter-relationships • Alteration in clinical practice • Speculate, but intelligently • Geographical • Financial • Consider alternative explanations • Take care: • Correlation does not indicate causation

  11. Conclusions • Answer • So what? • Who cares? • Only those supported by data • Avoid sweeping statements Take home message

  12. Is the job done? • Ask colleague to read • Get feedback • Re-work • Not till these done

  13. Examples • Arnold and Chiari first described…1942 • Our results indicate an increasing prevalence of…48% in 1992 to 69% in 2003

  14. Examples • This is the most authentic collection of data ever. • It could be argued that our data has no major clinical implications. However,…

  15. Examples • This study surpasses all previous work in this field… • In 1971,…showed no improvement. However, they studied…methods with a low specificity. We…high specificity, … recently available, … different results.

  16. Summary • Break in to sections: Structure • Provide a link sentence: Sequence • Short, clear, key issues • Limitations • So what? • Who cares? • Take home message

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