Species of Organisms

1. December 2Warm upPass forward Chapter 17 packetNotes over Ch. 18 - classificationPractice Dichotomous Key wksheetHW- Alien Invasion Work Sheet

2. Species of Organisms • There are 13 billion known species of organisms • This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! • New organisms are still being found and identified

3. What is Classification? • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. • Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4. Benefits of Classifying • Accurately & uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

6. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

7. Early Taxonomists • 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist • Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals • He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

8. Early Taxonomists • John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming • His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

9. Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778 • 18th century taxonomist • Classified organisms by their structure • Developed naming system still used today

10. Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature • Two-word name (Genus & species)

11. Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature used • Genus species • Genus • Noun, Capitalized, • species • Descriptive, Lower Case, • Latin or Greek • Italicized in print • Capitalize genus, but NOT species • Underline when writing Turdus migratorius European Robin

12. Binomial Nomenclature

13. Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

14. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum (Division – used for plants) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species BROADEST TAXON

15. King • Phillip • Came • Over • For • Good • Soup!

17. Evolutionary Classification • Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms • Evolutionary classification – strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history • Fossil record • Comparative homologies • Cladistics • Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms • Molecular clocks

18. Taxonomic Diagrams Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds PhylogeneticTree Cladogram Cladogram PhylogeneticTree

20. Cladogram • Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

21. Primate Cladogram

22. Further Classification • Domain • Most inclusive category • Larger than a kingdom • There are 3 • 1. Eukarya – includes the kingdoms • Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals • 2. Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria • 3. Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

23. Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms -6 now! • Monera (old name =Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) • -Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls • Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals • Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls • Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose • Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

24. Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

25. Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Live in the intestines of animals Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially.

26. Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms • Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) • Plantae (multicellular plants) • Animalia (multicellular animals)

27. Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Protista

28. Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) • Cell walls made of chitin

29. Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Plantae

30. Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) • Feed on plants or animals

31. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

32. Example of Dichotomous Key Example 1 A. Has Hair -------------go to 2 B. Does not have hair--go to 4 2 A. Has one eye----------Bofeng B. Has two eyes --------go to 3 C. Has three eyes ------ Rishabh 3 A. Has antennas --------Kayla B. Has no antennas ----Erik 4 A. Has wings ------------Charles B. Has no wings -------- Ishraf Rishabh Bofeng Ishraf Charles Erik Kayla