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ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTES. ANATOMY. Study of the structure & shape of body parts and their relationship to one another. PHYSIOLOGY. Study of the function of the body or body parts - how they work.
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ANATOMY • Study of the structure & shape of body parts and their relationship to one another
PHYSIOLOGY • Study of the function of the body or body parts - how they work
Anatomy & Physiology are closely related to each other. A slight change in anatomy can have a significant effect on physiology • Examples: sickle cell anemia, rotated pelvis, elongated palate in bulldogs
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Chemical - first level of organization (non-living) • Examples: atoms & molecules
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cellular - structural & functional unit of all living things • Examples: skin, bone, red blood cells
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Tissue - composed of cells with a common origin, appearance & function • Examples: muscle, nervous, connective
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ - a group of tissues organized into a specific structure with a specific function • Examples: heart, brain, liver, lungs
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ system - groups of organs working together to perform specialized functions • Examples: cardiovascular, integumentary, reproductive
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organism - last and most complex level, composed of individuals capable of carrying out life functions • Examples: person, dog, bacteria, ameoba, plant
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • EVERY LEVEL RELIES ON THE SMOOTH WORKINGS OF THE LEVEL PRECEDING IT, A MALFUNCTION AT ANY LEVEL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO THE LEVELS BUILT UPON IT • EXAMPLES: cancerous cells can spread, electrolyte imbalances can stop the heart
Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ System Overview Figure 1.2a
Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Organ System Overview Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c
Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Organ System Overview Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e
Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Organ System Overview Figure 1.2i
Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2j
Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k
Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and delivery of nutrients Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures • Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Necessary Life Functions
Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Production of future generation • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number
Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions Survival Needs
Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Survival Needs
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Homeostasis