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ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTES

ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTES. ANATOMY. Study of the structure & shape of body parts and their relationship to one another. PHYSIOLOGY. Study of the function of the body or body parts - how they work.

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ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTES

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  1. ADVANCED BIOLOGYCHAPTER 1 NOTES

  2. ANATOMY • Study of the structure & shape of body parts and their relationship to one another

  3. PHYSIOLOGY • Study of the function of the body or body parts - how they work

  4. Anatomy & Physiology are closely related to each other. A slight change in anatomy can have a significant effect on physiology • Examples: sickle cell anemia, rotated pelvis, elongated palate in bulldogs

  5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Chemical - first level of organization (non-living) • Examples: atoms & molecules

  6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cellular - structural & functional unit of all living things • Examples: skin, bone, red blood cells

  7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Tissue - composed of cells with a common origin, appearance & function • Examples: muscle, nervous, connective

  8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ - a group of tissues organized into a specific structure with a specific function • Examples: heart, brain, liver, lungs

  9. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organ system - groups of organs working together to perform specialized functions • Examples: cardiovascular, integumentary, reproductive

  10. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Organism - last and most complex level, composed of individuals capable of carrying out life functions • Examples: person, dog, bacteria, ameoba, plant

  11. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • EVERY LEVEL RELIES ON THE SMOOTH WORKINGS OF THE LEVEL PRECEDING IT, A MALFUNCTION AT ANY LEVEL HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO THE LEVELS BUILT UPON IT • EXAMPLES: cancerous cells can spread, electrolyte imbalances can stop the heart

  12. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

  13. Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Organ System Overview Figure 1.2a

  14. Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Organ System Overview Figure 1.2b

  15. Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

  16. Nervous • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Organ System Overview Figure 1.2d

  17. Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

  18. Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2f

  19. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

  20. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

  21. Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Organ System Overview Figure 1.2i

  22. Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Organ System Overview Figure 1.2j

  23. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

  24. Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and delivery of nutrients Necessary Life Functions

  25. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures • Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Necessary Life Functions

  26. Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Production of future generation • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number

  27. Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions Survival Needs

  28. Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Survival Needs

  29. Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Homeostasis

  30. End Chapter 1 - Part 1

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