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THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE

THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE. MALE DOMINANCE IN FAMILIES AND SOCIETY HIGH LEVEL OF CONFLICT IN FAMILIES CULTURAL NORMS TOLERATING FAMILY VIOLENCE VIOLENCE IN THE SOCIETY MANY OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES MULTIPLE CAUSES, ALL INTERWOVEN. INEQUALITY AND ESPECIALLY

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THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE

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  1. THE SOCIAL CAUSESOF PARTNER VIOLENCE • MALE DOMINANCE IN FAMILIES AND SOCIETY • HIGH LEVEL OF CONFLICT IN FAMILIES • CULTURAL NORMS TOLERATING FAMILY VIOLENCE • VIOLENCE IN THE SOCIETY • MANY OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES • PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES • MULTIPLE CAUSES, ALL INTERWOVEN

  2. INEQUALITY AND ESPECIALLY MALE DOMINANCE HUSBAND AS THE ‘HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD’ INEQUALITY IN INCOME AND IN RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILDREN\ 80-90% Of Single Parents Are Women NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DATA ON ABOVE

  3. Marital Power, Conflict, Norm Consensus, andMarital Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Couples.Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18:197-219. N = 1,525 married men Phone survey Power measure: Blood and Wolfe Decision Power Index Who had the final say on five decisions: Buying a car Buying a house What job the husband should take What job the wife should take\ Whether a partner should go to work or quit work Answer categories: Wife only, Wife mostly, Husband and Wife equally, Husband only, Husband only

  4. Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003.

  5. THE CONCEPT OF A“RISK FACTOR” • A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM • EXAMPLES: • SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance) • MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING • (20% chance - 7 fold increase) • SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY • (24% chance - 5 fold increase) • BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING • (19% chance - 3 fold increase)

  6. UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS BETWEEN PARTNERS

  7. ‘HONOR KILLING’ STILL RECOGNIZED AND PRACTICED IN SOME MUSLIM COUNTRIES Example Of Jordan, NY Times 1 Feb 03, page A4 Book by Norma Khouri, Honor Lost (Simon and Shuster, 2003)

  8. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCEA LARGE PROPORTION OF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL ABUSE OCCURS WITH THE ACQUIENCE OF OTHERS IMPLICIT CULTURAL NORMS OF TOLERATION CHILD ABUSE PARTNER VIOLNECE SEXUAL HARRASMENT (AAUP study shows most occurs in classrooms and hallways) PREVENTION IMPLICAITONS PARTLY DUE TO NORM OF FAMILY PRIVACY BUT WHAT ABOUT ACQUIENCE BY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS?

  9. The Demographic and Health Surveys Purpose is to track the effectiveness of national family planning and health programs. Funded by U.S. Agency for International Development‘ (USAID)

  10. Circumstances when women feel it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife by type of residence (urban versus rural)

  11. Circumstances when women feel it is acceptable to refuse sex with husband by type of residence (urban versus rural)

  12. Acceptance of reasons for a husband to beat his wife is high regardless of a woman’s decision-making power

  13. MANY WOMEN BELIEVE THEY DO NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO REFUSE SEX Column 2 shows that half or more of the women agreed that a women can refuse sex for any of the reasons. Column 3 shows the % who believe they cannot refuse sex for any reason is highest for women who lack decision power in general. Reasons it is permissible to refuse sex include: Knows husband has sexually transmitted disease, Knows husband has sex with other women Has recently given birth Is tired or not in the mood Knows husband has AIDS

  14. * ABOUT 1 OUT OF 6 WOMEN BELIEVE THAT A HUSBAND HAS THE RIGHT TO BEAT THEM IF THEY REFUSE SEX * THE PERCENT IS ABOUT THE SAME REGARDLESS OF A WOMAN’S DECISION POWER ON OTHER THINGS

  15. INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE SURVEY I CAN THINK OF A SITUATION WHEN I WOULD APPROVE OF A HUSBAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE’S FACE Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree What percent of students in each country do not strongly disagree?

  16. TOLERANCE FOR SLAPPING A SPOUSE: • HIGHER THAN WE THOUGHT* • David W. Moore • The Gallup Organization • Murray Straus • The Family Research Laboratory • University of New Hampshire • * Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association For Public Opinion Research, May 18-21, 1995.

  17. Nationally representative sample of 1,023 adults Asked: "Are there any situations that you can imagine in which you would approve of a husband slapping his wife's face?“ "Are there any situations that you can imagine in which you would approve of a wife slapping her husband's wife's face?" Respondents could answer Yes or No. Question first used in a study in 1968 for the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence For both questions, 21% answered yes. See the Commission Reports, 1969; Owens and Straus, 1975; Stark and McEvoy, 1970) and were also used in a 1985 and 1992 survey as well as the present study.

  18. MY QUALITATIVE EXPLORATIONS SUGGESTED THIS WAS AN UNDERESTIMATE WHAT COULD CAUSE THE UNDERESTIMATE? MANY THINGS. DAVID MOORE SUGGESTED IT WAS DUE TO A COMBINATION OF: Reluctance To Reveal Socially Undesirable Beliefs A Question Order Effect HUSBAND SLAP WIFE QUESTION ALWAYS ASKED FIRST QUESTION ORDER EXPERIMENT Form A = Husband slap wife question first Form B = Wife slap husband question first.

  19. OK Husband Slap Wife? EDUCATION MAKES LITTLE DIFFERENCE A B A B A B FEMINISM MAKES A DIFFERENCE, ESPECIALLY FOR FORM A

  20. OK Wife to Slap Husband? EDUCTION AND FEMINISM DO NOT MAKE MUCH DIFFERENCE

  21. OK FOR WIFE TO SLAPP A A

  22. A B A B A B A B

  23. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS STUDY • The need to be skeptical about all research results\ • The scientific approach to skepticism is to do further research • Importance of multiple methods: qualitative as well as quantitative • How an experiment can be used to test social science theories • The extent to which there are unrecognized cultural norms permitting violence against partners • The greater social acceptability of violence by women against partners, provided it is “justified” and relatively “minor violence” • Men are more accepting of violence by women than are women • Feminist women are less accepting of violence than other women • How to read and interpret a three-dimensional table

  24. WHY DO WE HAVE CULTURAL NORMS THAT APPROVE USE OF VIOLENCE IN FAMILIES? • LEARNING OF VIOLENCE THROUGH CORPORAL PUNISHMENT • USE OF VIOLENCE BY GOVENMENT

  25. WHAT PREVOKES SPANKING? • WONT CLEAN UP HIS ROOM - 9% • STEALING - 27% • HITS OTHER CHILD - 41%

  26. PROCESSES LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND FAMILY VIOLENCE • ANGER • LOW SELF-ESTEEM • DEPRESSION • LOW PROBLEM SOLVING SKILL • VIOLENCE APPROVAL • PARTNER ASSAULT • CHILD ABUSE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT

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