Kingdom Plantae

1. Kingdom Plantae 1

2. Unit Goals(as they relate to plants) • Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. • a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. • d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). • Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. • e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. • Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. • a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. • b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). 2

3. Unit Goals(as they relate to plants) • Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. • e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. • Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. 3

4. b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). Kingdom Plantae Characteristics Plants • are multicellular. • are eukaryotes. • are autotrophic. • photosynthesize. • have cellulose cell walls. • can reproduce sexually & asexually have tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on genetic and anatomic similarities. 4

5. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. Brief History of Plants Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of modern plants The invasion of land by plants probably occurred about 450 million years ago First land plants were small mosses and ferns that had to live near water. Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land, and spread to all biomes and climates. -----Adapting to different environment. We are going to look at adaptation that plant have to help them survive in different environments. 5

6. Minerals Sunlight What plants need to live Gas Exchange Water For Photosynthesis 6

7. What plants need & how they obtain it. Overview • Plants are called autotrophs, meaning “self-feeding.” • They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from sunlight energy. • Need: • Energy • Carbon Dioxide • Water • Other minerals 7

8. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Intake of Energy. Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes 8

9. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis • Plants are Autotrophs • This trapped energy is used to convert the inorganic raw materials CO2 and H2O to carbohydrates and O2. • The key to this process is the pigment chlorophyll. 9

10. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Review: Two Main Reactions of Photosynthesis: 1. Light reactions— These reactions split water molecules, providing hydrogen and an energy source (ATP) for the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is given off. 2. Calvin cycle— the series of reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide and hydrogen from water. • This process is known as carbon fixation. • The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis. • The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. 10

11. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. • b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts 11.1

12. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration? • Autotrophs store energy in glucose. • Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use the glucose for energy to carry out all of life's processes. Sunlight energy Autotrophs (photosynthesis) Heterotrophs (Respiration) Flow of energy in the environment. 11.2

13. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Intake of Carbon Dioxide 12

14. Leaves • CO2 enters through the pores in the leaves called stomata. • Adaptation: • Some leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water loss. • Bark on stems helps to insulate the tissues. Stomata 13

15. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 • d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). Uptake and Movement of water 14

16. Water diffuses into the roots. -Osmosis High to low H2O H2O H2O 15

17. How does the water move around the plant? 16

18. Water is transported through the plant in vascular tissue called xylem. Vascular Tissue 17

19. XYLEM: Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward through the plant body. 18

20. XYLEM: Vascular tissue that transportswaterand mineralsupward through the plant body. Water sticks to itself and other things. Water is polar. & Transports by 19

21. XYLEM 20

22. 21 Animation Transpiration • Evaporation of water from the leaves • Cohesion of water molecules causes the water to be pulled up. • Driven by sunlight • High humidity • slows down • Low humidity • speeds up • Wind increases • speeds up • Increased light intensity • speeds up • Closing of stomata stops transpiration

23. 22 Transpiration • Adaptations: • Close stomata during the hottest part of the day to prevent water loss.

24. 23 • e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Water Storage • Cacti have modified stems and leaves for storing water. • Helps them to survive dry conditions.

25. 24 Movement of other Minerals • PHLOEM: • Vascular tissue that transports sugars from photosynthesis through the plant body.

26. Transport of other Minerals Animation 25 Translocation- movement of sugars in the phloem.

27. 26 Obtaining other minerals • Nitrogen Fixation • Bean Plants have bacteria in their roots that remove nitrogen from the air and “fix it” for the plant. • Mycorhizzae • Relationship between plant roots and fungus. Helps the plant get minerals from the soil. Bean roots

28. 22 27 Food Storage e. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions Roots & stems aremodified in many plants into storage organs in order to survive through winter underground. Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic.

29. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. • e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Reproduction Sexual vs. Asexual -Sexual allows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic variation -Asexualallows for reproduction when there is no other option- NO increase in genetic variation 28

30. Sexual Reproductionallows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic variation Sperm fuses with an egg • Some plants have flowers. • Animal pollination • Some plants have cones. • Wind pollinated • Some have neither. (Ferns & mosses). • Must live near water. Sperm must swim to egg. 29

31. Not all plants have flowers • Seeds produced in cones Sexual reproduction 30

32. Flowers are unique reproductive organs that produce seeds surrounded by a fruit. Flowers attract pollinators. Helps insure pollination Female Male Pollination-transfer of pollen Pollen = Sperm 31

33. Seeds are produced after pollination & fertilization. -A seed is the “baby” plant. • Seeds provide a small food supply • Protects • Aids in dispersal the sprouting of a seed is called germination. 32

34. Adaptations/ Advantages Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by becoming dormant. When conditions become favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant. 33

35. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals. 34

36. Not all plants have seeds. Some produce: Spores-specialized structures that can grow directly into a new plant 35

37. Many flowers that depend on insects for pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to draw attention to them Seeds, pollen, flowers, & fruit are adaptations that allow some plants to survive in a wide variety of environments. • Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by the wind, insects, birds, & animals, even bats. 36

38. 37 • e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Tropisms Tropism— a plant’s response to their environment 1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)—a plant’s response to gravity 2- Phototropism— a plant’s response to light 3- Thigmotropism— a plant’s response to touch Characteristic of living things: -Plants can respond to their environment Cool Fact: Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines

39. Geotropism/Gravitropism • the response of seedlings to the force of gravity. • important when seeds are sprouting. 38.1

40. causes the roots to grow downward and the stems to grow upward, no matter what the position of the seed may be when it is planted. Geotropism/Gravitropism 38.2

41. Phototropism tropism Clips • The ability of the plant to respond to light. • If a plant is placed near a window or another light source, the plant will grow in the direction of the light source. • A phototropic response can happen so quickly that even a seedling will respond within a few hours. 39

42. Phototropism

43. 40 tropism Clips Thigmotropism • The response of a plant to touch. • Climbing plants, ivy, and vines use thigmotropism in order to find their way up or around a solid object for support.

44. 41 So, how do plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli?

45. 42 How do plants control their growth in response to environmental stimuli? • Most plants do this by way of chemical messengers known as hormones. • A hormone is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and transferred to another part to affect the activities of that part of the plant. Hormone-producing cells Movement of hormone Target cells

46. 42

47. 43 auxin • Auxins are responsible for regulating phototropism in a plant by stimulating the elongation of cells. • Shaded side of a stem will grow longer than the cells on the other side, causing the stem to bend toward the light. • Help promote the growth of fruit and minimize the falling off of fruit from the plant. • When the auxin concentrations decrease in the autumn, the ripened fruit will fall. The plants will begin to lose their leaves.

48. 44 Gibberellins • Growth hormones-cause plants to grow taller. • Increase the rate of seed germination and bud development. • Signal that it is time to sprout. • There are also hormones that do the opposite; they inhibit plant growth and cell division.

49. 45 Abscisic acid • It inhibits plant growth during times of stress, such as cold temperatures or drought. • In studying these hormones, scientists have found that it is the balance of different hormones that determines the plant growth, rather than one hormone by itself.

50. 46 Can plants defend themselves? • Mechanical defense -incorporated into the physical structure of the organism. • thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator. • Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or just a bad taste. • Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others contain sap that is an irritant or poison • Camouflage • the organism blends into its environment or appear to be something they are not