Writing and Reviewing Abstracts

1. Writing and Reviewing Abstracts Society for Epidemiologic Research – Student Caucus

2. What is an abstract? • Concise summary of a full scientific research project describing the study and its results • Abstracts generally include the most important aspects of the study’s purpose, design, findings, and implications

3. What do I include in an abstract? • Background and significance • Why do we care about the problem and results? • Include the importance of your work, challenges in this research area, and the potential impact of your work • Hypothesis • What question are you trying to answer? • What is the scope of your work?

4. What do I include in an abstract? • Methods • How did you address your hypothesis? • How did you collect your data? • What analytic methods did you use? • Results • What are some characteristics of your data? • Sample size • Age range • Racial breakdown • What did you find? • Report noteworthy results and findings

5. What do I include in an abstract? • Conclusions • What are the implications of your study? • Are the results generalizable? • What is the take home message for the audience?

6. Abstract considerations • Stay within the word limit • Most journals and conference submissions will not accept abstracts that are over the word limit • Use active voice and simple sentences • Spell out any abbreviations • Think of key words for searches and be sure to use them in your abstract • Have someone else review your abstract before submission

7. Example Abstracts Disclaimer: Abstract reviews are the opinions of the SER-SC Executive Board

8. Sample 1: Home Use of Paints and Petroleum Products and Risk of Childhood Leukemia Associations between childhood leukemia and parental occupational exposures to paints, solvents, and other petroleum products have been reported, however, little is known about the effect of these products when used at home. The role of home exposures to paints and petroleum products on the risk of childhood leukemia was evaluated in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study (NCCLS), an ongoing population-based case-control study. The current analyses include 382 incident leukemia cases (aged 0-14) enrolled from 1995-2002, and matched to 482 controls on age, sex, Hispanic status, and maternal race. A detailed history on home use of paints and petroleum products, time of exposure, and user was collected during an in home interview. Exposures were censored one year before diagnosis. Conditional logistic regression was performed adjusting for annual household income. An increased risk of childhood leukemia was observed with parental use of paints anytime pre- or postnatally (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.99, 2.02), with a higher and significant risk when paints were used during both time periods (OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.07, 2.74). Maternal use of paints anytime pre- or postnatally conferred a significantly increased leukemia risk (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.03, 2.02), while non-significant increased risks were detected for paternal use of paint anytime before or after birth. Exposures to paints by both parents after birth resulted in a two-fold significant increased risk (OR=1.97, 95%CI=1.18, 3.30). Subjects with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had greater risks compared to subjects with acute myeloblastic leukemia. No significant associations were seen with exposure to petroleum products across all time windows for either parent.

9. Why is sample 1 a good abstract? • Used active voice • Indicated the importance of their study • Described the larger study, years of use, and sample size • Included information on study design and matching variables • Provided statistical methods and used appropriate methods to analyze matched data • Described results and appropriate conclusions • What could have improved this abstract? • Including summary conclusions

10. Sample 2: Association between body composition and blood pressure in a contemporary cohort of 9-year old children Background: Elevated blood pressure in children is an early risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with body mass index (BMI). However as BMI does not distinguish between fat and lean, little is known about the relationship of blood pressure in children to different elements of body composition. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of blood pressure with total body fat, lean mass and trunk fat in a cohort of 9-year-old children. Design: Blood pressure, BMI and body composition were measured in 6, 863 children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Fat mass, lean mass and trunk fat were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Total body fat and BMI were strongly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) [β=3.50, 95%CI 3.27 to 3.74 mmHg/standard deviation (SD) and β=3.96, 95%CI 3.76 to 4.16 mmHg/SD, respectively] and weakly associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β=1.39, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.57 mmHg/SD and β=1.37, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.52 mmHg/SD, respectively). SBP was also positively associated with lean mass (β=3.60, 95% CI 3.22 to 3.97 mmHg/SD) and trunk fat (β=2.14, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.46 mmHg/SD, independent of total fat mass). Conclusion: Blood pressure in 9-year-old children is independently associated with fat mass and lean mass and, to a lesser extent, trunk fat. In this analysis, because both fat and lean mass are associated with blood pressure, BMI predicts blood pressure at least as well as these components of body composition.

11. Why is sample 2 a good abstract? • Authors • Used active voice and divided the abstract by section • Indicated the importance of their study • Included their study objective • Described the study sample and measurements • Described results • Provided appropriate conclusions • What could have improved this abstract? • Description of the analytical methods • Inclusion of methods for measure and control of potential confounding factors

12. Sample 3: A Major Determinant of Recent Increases in HIV Incidence Among Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in British Columbia (BC): Deferred Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Background: Recent clinical guidelines endorse deferral of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) until later in the course of HIV infection. The effect of this change on population levels of high viremia, infectivity and, in turn, sexual transmission of HIV is unknown. Objectives: Describe populational trends in HIV viremia among MSM in BC in relation to a 1999 change that deferred HAART from CD4 <500 to CD4 <200 cells/mL. Estimate relative increases in annual HIV diagnoses among MSM attributable to this change. Methods: Linked provincial registries provided records of all HAART, CD4 counts, and plasma HIV RNA viral load (pVL) determinations from 1997-2003. We assessed trends in MSM with high viremia (pVL >10 000 copies/mL) across 6-month intervals. Mathematical models predicted relative changes in infections among MSM following introduction and deferral of HAART. Results: The number and proportion of highly viremic MSM declined steadily [from 443 (27.6%)] for two years following introduction of HAART. This trend has reverted, increasing from 358 viremic MSM (17.8%) in the second half of 1999 to 713 (26.7%) at the end of 2003; the increase occurred among men with CD4 >200. Models predicted a 50% reduction in HIV diagnoses among MSM from 1997-1999 but rapid 83% increase following deferral of HAART. Conclusion: Deferral of therapy appears to be a major determinant of the 75% increase in annual HIV diagnoses among MSM in BC from 1999-2004. Substantial increases in HIV prevention among MSM seem warranted.

13. Why is sample 3 a good abstract? • Authors • Used active voice and defined acronyms • Divided the abstract by section • Indicated the importance of their study • Described their objective • Included information on their sample and study period • Described results and methods • What could have improved this abstract? • Sample size information • More detailed data collection methods

14. Overall Summary of Sample Abstracts • All abstracts were under the 250 word limit • All authors used active voice • Defined any acronyms used • All abstracts included background and importance information • Described their study population, methods, and results • Provided appropriate conclusions for their results

15. Reviewing an Abstract

16. How to Review an Abstract? • Questions to consider when reviewing an abstract • Is the work appropriate for the journal or conference? • At conferences, there is usually a theme or multiple areas of science that are sought • Journals have specific aims and goals • Is the work original? • Is the work complete? • Is the work ready to publish or present at a conference? Are the results complete?

17. How to Review an Abstract? • Did the authors describe the important features of an abstract? • Background and significance • Hypothesis • Methods • Data collection methods • Sample size and population information • Analytic techniques • Results • Demographic characteristics of sample • Significant results • Conclusions

18. Deciding Between a Poster or Oral Presentation • If you are asked to determine what type of acceptance an abstract should receive • Ask for guidelines from the conference organizers • Other considerations • What is the conference theme? • If so, does the abstract address the theme? • Are there special topic areas for the conference? • If so, does the abstract address any of these • Is the quality of the abstract above others reviewed?

19. Practice Abstract Review

20. Abstract Evaluation Guidelines • Assumptions: • Reviewing for Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER) Conference • Areas of interest epidemiology, biostatistics, and public health • Did the author include the important components of an abstract • Follow the review outline provided in slides 19 and 20

21. Review Sample 1: Bayesian propensity score analysis for observational data Propensity scores analysis (PSA) involves regression adjustment for the estimated propensity scores, and the method can be used for estimating causal effects from observational data. However, confidence intervals may be falsely precise because PSA ignores uncertainty in the estimated propensity scores. We propose Bayesian propensity score analysis (BPSA) for observational studies which involve a binary exposure, binary outcome and measured confounders. The method uses hierarchical modelling with the propensity score as a latent variable. The first level models the relationship between the outcome, exposure and propensity score, while the second level models the relationship between the propensity score and measured confounders. Markov chain Monte Carlo is used to study the posterior distribution of the exposure effect. Our objective is to implement BPSA using computer programs and investigate the performance of BPSA compared to PSA using Monte Carlo simulations. Synthetic datasets, of sample size n=250, 1000, 4000, were simulated by computer for various realistic parameter values. The datasets were analyzed using BPSA and PSA, and we estimated the coverage probability of 80% credible intervals. The estimated coverage probabilities ranged from 78% to 84% for BPSA, and from 42% to 82% for PSA, with simulation standard errors less than 2%. The simulation results indicate that BPSA provides improved inferences for exposure effects compared to PSA, in the sense that interval estimators have the correct frequentist coverage levels under repeated sampling of the data. We demonstrate BPSA in an observational study of the effect of statin therapy on all-cause mortality in patients discharged from hospital following acute myocardial infarction.

22. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Is the work appropriate for the SER conference? • Yes – this describes analytic methods that can be used for epidemiology studies • Is the work original? • Yes - the authors developed a more appropriate method to calculate confidence intervals • Is the work complete? • Yes – the authors simulated data to test their hypothesis

23. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Are the major components included? • Background and significance? • Yes – the authors described the need for their work and why it is important • Hypothesis? • Yes – they proposed the use of Bayesian propensity score analysis (BPSA) for observational studies which involve a binary exposure, binary outcome and measured confounders • Methods? • Yes – they described how they were going to address the hypothesis above

24. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Results? • Yes – the authors described their results and the accuracy of their measures • Conclusions? • Slightly unclear – “We demonstrate BPSA in an observational study of the effect of statin therapy on all-cause mortality in patients discharged from hospital following acute myocardial infarction. “ • No where else in the abstract do they mention the use of these methods for the effect of statin therapy • Thus, the conclusions may not be appropriate • Overall: Good abstract and would accept it and point out concern about conclusions to authors

25. Review Sample 2: Exposure to H. pylori-positive siblings and persistence of H. pylori infection in early childhood H.pylori infection is a common chronic infection, yet transmission pathways are unclear; evidence suggests that siblings play a role in transmission. Transient H.pylori infection is observed in children, but determinants of persistence are unknown. We examine the effect of exposure to H.pylori-positive siblings on the establishment of persistent H.pylori infection using data from the Pasitos Cohort Study, which recruited pregnant women from maternal-child clinics in El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico during 1998-2000 and followed 472 children after birth to identify predictors of H.pylori infection. Infection was detected at target intervals of 6 months in index children and younger siblings born during follow-up, using the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) corrected for variation in CO2 production. We used proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios for the effect of having H.pylori-positive younger siblings on the rate of developing a persistent H.pylori infection in index children with 1+ younger siblings. Persistent infection was defined as 3 consecutive positive UBT results. We modeled two exposure definitions: infected younger sibling (1+ younger siblings with 1+ positive UBT results); persistently infected younger sibling (1+ younger siblings with a persistent infection). Adjusting for mom's education (the strongest H.pylori risk factor in this cohort), the hazard ratio was 4.0 (95% CI=1.8,8.2) for infected younger sibling and 9.3 (95% CI=3.2,26) for persistently infected younger sibling. Having H.pylori-positive younger siblings, particularly with persistent infection, was strongly associated with developing persistent H.pylori infection in this cohort.

26. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Is the work appropriate for the SER conference? • Yes – study describes an important infectious disease • Is the work original? • Yes – the authors are looking at an area of this infection that is not well understood • Is the work complete? • Yes – the authors analyzed existing data to address their question

27. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Are the major components included? • Background and significance? • Yes – the authors described the need for their work and why it is important • Hypothesis? • Yes – the authors examined the effect of exposure to H.pylori-positive siblings on the establishment of persistent H.pylori infection • Methods? • Yes – authors described their study population, defined their study variables, and included the analytical methods used to address the hypothesis

28. Abstract Evaluation: Review Sample 1 • Results? • Yes – the authors described some of their results • However, the authors did not provide the number of events that were included in the Cox Models • Conclusions? • Yes – authors described appropriate conclusions for the results presented • Overall: • Good abstract • Should be accepted for presentation at the conference

29. Resources • Pierson DJ. How to Write an Abstract That WillBe Accepted for Presentation at a National Meeting, Respiratory Care, October 2004, 49(10):1206-1212 • Kiipman P. How to Write an Abstract. http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html • Sample Abstracts Obtained From: • American Journal of Epidemiology, June 1, 2006: 163 (Supplement 11).

30. Appendix:Additional Abstracts

31. Sample A: Lifetime Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk While a number of studies have observed a reduced risk of breast cancer with increased levels of physical activity, these findings have been inconsistent regarding the optimal frequency, intensity, and timing of exercise. We performed a population-based case-control study in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin. From the states' cancer registries, we enrolled 6421 women (80% of eligible) aged 20-69 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1995 and 2000. Controls (7683; 76% of eligible) were selected at random from lists of licensed drivers and Medicare beneficiaries. In structured telephone interviews, women reported lifetime history (age 14 to present) of recreational physical activity. After adjustment for potential confounding risk factors using logistic regression, women averaging greater than six hours of activity per week over their lifetime had a reduced odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer when compared to women reporting no recreational activity (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.97; P trend=0.20). Analyses considering metabolic equivalents of energy expenditure (MET) produced similar results. While an inverse relation between physical activity averaged over the lifetime and breast cancer risk was observed, the relation was null when limited to activity in a single decade. The inverse association with lifetime activity was consistent regardless of menopausal status and body mass; however, it was limited to women with no family history of breast cancer (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61-0.91 for 6 vs. 0 hrs/week, P-interaction = 0.02). The results from this large study provide further evidence that long-term recreational physical activity may reduce breast cancer risk.

32. Why is sample A a good abstract? • Authors • Used active voice • Indicated why their study is important and interesting • Gave a clear statement of purpose • Included information about the selection of cases and controls • Discussed data collection measures • Described methods and results • Provided appropriate conclusions

33. Sample B: Mapping and measuring social disparities in premature mortality: the impact of census tract poverty within and across Boston Neighborhoods, 1999-2001 The documentation of health disparities is an important function of public health surveillance. These disparities, typically falling along lines defined by gender, race/ethnicity, and social class, are often visible in urban settings as geographic disparities in health between neighborhoods. Recognizing that premature mortality is a powerful indicator of social disparities in health, we undertook an analysis of spatial variation in premature mortality in Boston (1999-2001) across neighborhoods and sub-neighborhoods in relation to census tract (CT) poverty. Using a multilevel model based framework, we estimated that the incidence of premature mortality was 1.39 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.09-1.78) among persons living in the most economically deprived CTs (>=20% below poverty) compared to those in the least impoverished tracts (<5% below poverty). We present maps of model-based standardized mortality ratios that show substantial within-neighborhood variation in premature mortality and a sizeable decrease in spatial variation after adjustment for CT poverty. To aid interpretation, we also map smoothed age-standardized rates that can be compared to externally published rates. Additionally, we present maps of the model-based population attributable fraction that show that in some of Boston's poorest neighborhoods, the proportion of excess deaths associated with CT poverty reaches 25-30%. We recommend that these methods be incorporated into routine analyses of public health surveillance data to highlight continuing social disparities in premature mortality.

34. Why is sample B a good abstract? • Authors • Used active voice and defined acronyms • Indicated the importance of their study • Described their objective and their analytic strategy (spatial mapping) • Included the geographic area • Described the maps generated • What could have improved this abstract? • Explanation of their results and how to interpret the maps