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Stored-Product Insects: Biology (Continued)

Stored-Product Insects: Biology (Continued). Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Stout, oval, 2-2.5 mm long Light brown in color Elytra smooth, without striae, but with short hairs 11-segmented antennae (4-10 th are serrate) When disturbed adult head is concealed under pronotum.

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Stored-Product Insects: Biology (Continued)

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  1. Stored-Product Insects: Biology (Continued)

  2. Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne • Stout, oval, 2-2.5 mm long • Light brown in color • Elytra smooth, without striae, but with short hairs • 11-segmented antennae (4-10th are serrate) • When disturbed adult head is concealed under pronotum

  3. Cocoa, tobacco, tobacco products and processed food, oil seeds • Holes in produce, and pupal cells in infested material • 4-6 instars • Adults live for 2-6 weeks • 20-37.5oC, temperature limits (25-120 days from egg-to-adult). 25% RH low end • Mycetomes, yeast-like structures in hindgut • Adults are active fliers • Female lays 110 eggs

  4. Drug Store Beetle, Stegobium paniceum • Last 3 antennal segments are large and appear as loosely segmented • Striae on elytra • Less common in tropics • Chocolate, confectionary, biscuits, herbs, spices, pharmaceuticals. • 15-34oC at RH > 35% • Adults live for 13-65 days • Female lays 75 eggs

  5. Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles, Oryzaephilus spp. • Sawtoothed grain beetle, O. surinamensis. • Merchant grain beetle, O. mercator. Foods: • Stored grain, cereal products, dried fruit, oilseeds, and processed oilseeds. • O. mercator - household pest of processed cereals, especially those of high oil content.

  6. O. surinamensis does not develop on foods without carbohydrates. • Unable to attack sound grain, but attacks grain with small lesions in pericarp. • Feeds on germ • Cannot complete development on endosperm alone. • Can feed on eggs and dead adults of storage moths.

  7. Both species have similar life histories. • Eggs laid singly or in small clusters. • In coarse foods, eggs are deposited in crevices; in finely ground material they are laid loosely. • Instars, 3-4 (> in mercator than surinamensis). • Temperature limits: 20 – 38oC. • Optimum range = 30-35oC for surinamensis and 30-32.5oC for mercator. • Low RH prevents development of only mercator. • Rate of development increases with humidity • For example, for both species: • At 30oC, 74% RH-- 19 days (egg-to-adult). At 12% RH,-- 24 days. Mortality > 30% at RH below 33%.

  8. Fecundity highest at 54% RH (surinamensis) and 74% RH (mercator). • Oviposition, 1 week after eclosion. Max. 2nd and 3rd week after emergence. Rate of egg laying high for 10 weeks. • 260-280 eggs/female (both species). RH affects length of oviposition period and no. eggs laid. At 12% RH, 52 eggs are laid. • Life span of mated females: 4 – 19 weeks (12% RH and 74% RH). • Adults and larvae are somewhat tolerant to cold.

  9. Flour Beetles, Trobolium spp. • 9 species. • castaneum, confusum, madens, audax, destructor, anaphe, thusa, brevicorne, and parallelum. • T. castaneum – warmer climates. • T. confusum – cooler climates. • Become established in heated facilities. • T. castaneum – grain and grain products. • T. confusum – flour. • Peas, beans, cacao, cottonseed, nuts, dried fruit, vegetables, drugs, milk, chocolate, peanuts (only T. castaneum). • Milled products are favored diets.

  10. Differences Between T. castaneum and T. confusum

  11. Both species: eggs are laid singly. Tacky. • Instars: 7-8. • E-to-A development: see handout for T. castaneum.

  12. Minimum, Optimum, Maximum temps. For development: 2.5oC lower for T. confusum compared with T. castaneum. • Minimum: 20-22.5oC. Maximum: 37.5-40oC. Optimum = 32-35oC. • Development < 1 month at 30oC. • Progeny production varies with diet. • Can feed on eggs and dead adults of the Indianmeal moth. • Egg laying period: At 27oC, 148 (castaneum) to 235 days (confusum). • No. eggs laid: 119-539 eggs/female (low to high temps). • Average life span = 1-2 years.

  13. Both species can breed on seed-borne fungi. Can feed on 24 species of fungi. Oviposited on 16 species. Completed development on 7-8 species. • Rate of self multiplication: 1.29 at 22.5oC to 2.71 at 35oC for T. castaneum at 70% RH. • T. confusum rate of increase is slightly lower than that of T. castaneum.

  14. Cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus • Family: Trogositidae. • Adults are 5-11 mm long • Larvae and adults feed on many nuts, seeds, grains and grain products. • Can eat adults of R. dominica, S. oryzae, and O. surinamensis. • Larval development: 69 days on corn and wheat. • Eggs laid in batches (10-60). Incubation: 15-17 days at 22C. • Instars, 7-8. Larvae overwinter. • Mature larvae burrow into soft wood and create a chamber for pupating. • Can bore into hard woods. • With overwintering: E-to-A = 271-410 days.

  15. Adults live for a year. • Lay eggs throughout adult life (mean fecundity = 910 eggs total). • 2-3 generations per year.

  16. Dermestids • Family: Dermestidae. • 700 species. • 3 categories: • breed only on animal protein (Dermestes spp.) • breed on plant and animal materials (Attagenus spp., Trogoderma spp.) • breed on cereals and cereal products (Trogoderma spp.). • Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle). • Serious pest of stored grain. • Eradicated from US (CA, AZ, NM).

  17. Oval in shape • Colored hairs on body • Short antennae with 10-11 segments • Larvae hairy; some hairs detachable

  18. Larvae unable to penetrate intact seeds. • Larvae feed on germ and endosperm. • On wheat, eat only the germ. • Eggs laid singly. • Instars, 4-5. • Optimum temp. 35C. • Maximum = 40C. • Develop at 23-73% RH. • Adults are short-lived. • They do not feed. • One mating – 25-46 eggs/female. • Starvation: retrogressive molting. • Temperature, food, population density, and genetic makeup – influences diapause.

  19. Stored-Product Moths • Adult wings covered with scales • Coiled mouth parts • Larvae – caterpillars, 3 pairs of true lesgs on thorax and 5 pairs of false prolegs on abdominal segments 3-6 • 2 families: • Pyralidae – Indianmeal moth, almond moth • Gelechidae – Angoumois grain moth

  20. Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella • Hind wings sharply pointed, and have long fringes • Fore wings have a dark spot distally • Adults live for 5-10 days • Female lays 200 eggs • Dev. 16-35C and 50-90% RH • Adults are strong fliers

  21. Indianmeal Moth, Plodia interpunctella • Forewings, basal 1/3rd cream colored; distal 2/3rd copper colored • Feeds on germ, endosperm of kernels • Webbing • 400 eggs/female • Larvae undergo diapause • Wandering stage • 20-36C; RH 20-90%.

  22. Almond moth, Cadra cautella • Fore wings grayish brown with a distinct pattern • Hind wings have broadly rounded tips • 300 eggs/female • 15-36C, 20-90% RH • Mandibular secretions: female egg-laying. Also acts as dispersal pheromone. • Moth activity • Both species: pop. Increase 50X/lunar month

  23. Storage Moths: Temperature vs Egg-to-adult development Source: Subramanyam and Hagstrum (1992)

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