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Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves. Nervi craniales. Cranial nerves. 12 pairs Emerging from the brain stem ( except CN I and CN II), where they have their nuclei ( somatomotor , somatosensitive , sensoric , parasympathic ) Outside brain - ganglias (sensitive, parasympathetic )

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Cranial nerves

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  1. Cranial nerves Nervi craniales

  2. Cranial nerves • 12 pairs • Emergingfromthe brain stem (except CN I and CN II), wheretheyhavetheirnuclei (somatomotor, somatosensitive, sensoric, parasympathic) • Outside brain - ganglias (sensitive, parasympathetic) • Sympatheticfibresjoinalongthecourse, fromplexusesfollowingthebloodvessels

  3. Cranialnerves • CN I – n. olfactorius - sensoric • CN II – n. opticus - sensoric • CN III – n. oculomotorius - motor + PS • CN IV – n. trochlearis - motor • CN V – n. trigeminus – sensitive + motor • CN VI – n. abducens - motor • CN VII – n. facialis – motor + PS • CN VIII – n. vestibulocochlearis - sensoric • CN IX – n. glossopharyngeus – PS + sens + motor + senz • CN X – n. vagus – PS + motor + sensitive + sensoric • CN XI – n. accessorius - motor • CN XII – n. hypoglossus – motor

  4. Cranial nerves origin in the brain stem

  5. General scheme for CN studying • number, Latin and English term • developmental type of CN • nuclei + their location • transmitted modalities • where CN submerge into skull • course of CN + topography • branches • overview of supplied area • clinical examination, reflexes • palsy / iritation

  6. I – n. olfactorius • Olfactory nerve • Rather bundle of nerve fibres, than a nerve • Pure sensoric nerve • Bipolar neurons • Ability to regenerate • N. terminalis, n. vomeronasalis - rudiments

  7. Olfactorytract • Fila olfactoria, bulbus – interconnection, tractus, trigonum, striaolfactoria (med. + lat.), brain areas • Disorders: anosmia, parosmia, kakosmia

  8. II – n. opticus • Optic nerve • Diencephalon pouch • Consist of axons of the 3rd nerves of the optic tract • Covers: vagina externa + interna (from meninges) • A.+ V. centralis retinae • Pars intraocularis • Pars orbitalis • Pars canalis optici • Pars intracranialis

  9. Optictract • N. opticus –> chiasma opticum –> tractusopticus • Disorders: amaurosis, hemianopsia, scotom

  10. Nervesfortheeyemovement

  11. Externalmusclesoftheeye-ball • 4 recti (superior, inferior, lateralis, medialis) • 2 oliqui (superior + inferior) • m. levator palpebrae superioris • smooth muscles: m. orbitalis, mm. tarsales

  12. Nervesfortheeyemovement • CN III, IV and VI for 7 muscles • CN IV and VI pure somatomotor functions • CN III – somatomotor + PS functions

  13. III - n. oculomotorius • Oculomotor nerve • nc. oculomotorius (somatomotor) • nc. Edinger-Westphal (PS) • Ramus superior + inferior (r. communicans ad ggl. ciliare) • Palsy: diplopia, divergent strabismus, ptosis, mydriasis • Innervates: • m. rectus superior • m. rectus medialis • m. rectus inferior • m. obliquus inferior • m. levator palpebrae sup.

  14. ggl. ciliare • Ciliary ganglion

  15. m. sphincterpupilae • m. dilatatorpupilae • m. ciliaris

  16. IV - n. trochlearis • Trochlear nerve, pure somatomotor • Innervates m. obliquus superior • Nucleus trochlearis • Only one which emerges from the brain stem dorsally • sinus cavernosus, fissura orbitalis superior, ATC Zinni • Palsy: diplopiawhen looking down and laterally (downstairs)

  17. IV - n. abducens • Abducens nerve, pure motor (nc. abducens) • Innervates m. rectus lateralis • Dorello´s canal, sinus cavernosus, fissura orbitalis superior, ATC Zinni • Palsy: diplopia, convergent strabism

  18. Nervesforeye-movement

  19. Orbita

  20. Sinus cavernosus

  21. AnulustendineuscommunisZinni

  22. Anulustendineuscommunis (Zinni)

  23. V – n. trigeminus • Trigeminal nerve – 3 branches • 3 sensitive nuclei: • nc. mesencephalicus • nc. pontinus • nc. spinalis (in medulla oblongata) • 1 motor nucleus: nc. motorius • Vegetative part joins along the course • Emerging from the pons • Sensitive ganglion trigeminale (Gasseri) • PS ganglions (ciliare, pterygopalatinum, oticum, submandibulare)

  24. V1 – n. opthalmicus • Senzitive nerv • 3 main branches: • n. frontalis • n. lacrimalis (sensitive + PS) • n. nasociliaris • Connections with nerves for eye-movement (sensitive fibres) • Parasympatic fibres for n. lacrimalis from connection from n. zygomaticus (V2)

  25. V1 – n. opthalmicus

  26. V2 – n. maxillaris • Sensitive nerve • Parasympathetic fibres for ggl. pterygopalatinum from n. facialis • passes foramen rotundum, branches out in fossa pterygopalatina • n. infraorbitalis • n. zygomaticus • nn. pterygopalatini

  27. V3 – n. mandibularis • Sensitive and motor nerve • Parasympatic fibres for ggl. oticum from n. IX, for ggl. submandibulare from VII • passes foramen ovale, branches out in fossa infratemporalis

  28. V3 – n. mandibularis • muscle branches (n. massetericus, nn. temporales profundi, nn. pterygoidei) • n. bucalis • n. auriculotemporalis • n. lingualis • n. alveolaris inferior

  29. V3 – n. mandibularis

  30. Ganglia of trigeminus • gglciliare • PS fibres for glands interconnects in the ganglias • Sympatic fibres for smooth muscles pass through • Sensitive fibres pass through • gglpterygopalatinum • gglsubmandibulare • ggloticum

  31. ggl. ciliare • Ciliary ganglion

  32. m. sphincterpupilae • m. dilatatorpupilae • m. ciliaris

  33. ggl. pterygopalatinum • PS for lacrimal gland, glands of nose, mouth from n. petrosus major (n. VII)

  34. ggl. oticum • PS from nucleus of CN. IX to parotid gland

  35. ggl. submandibulare • Near of n. lingualis and submandibular gland • PS from n. lingualis (by chorda tympani, n. VII) • S from plexus of a. facialis • rr. glandulares for submandibular and sublingual glands (PS)

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