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Lab Unit Test Results

Lab Unit Test Results. Average: 14 out of 20 Range: 5 – 20 L. Logs: Need 3.5 / 5 in order to complete test corrections  I checked #3, 6, 11, 13c, 14. Corrections due on THURSDAY. Important dates ahead…. Fri., April 11 OR Mon., April 14: Animal Test

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Lab Unit Test Results

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  1. Lab Unit Test Results Average: 14 out of 20 Range: 5 – 20 L. Logs: Need 3.5 / 5 in order to complete test corrections  I checked #3, 6, 11, 13c, 14. Corrections due on THURSDAY

  2. Important dates ahead… • Fri., April 11 OR Mon., April 14: Animal Test • Fri., April 25 OR Mon., April 28: Plant Test • Monday, May 12: AP Biology Exam • NOTE: If you have any zeroes in PowerSchool and/or you haven’t turned in your Bacterial Transformation Lab or your Forensics Lab… • Submit missing assignments by THURSDAY (3/27) at the latest.

  3. Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity • What is an animal? • Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion • Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls • Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement • Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile egg • How did animals evolve? • - Current animal development

  4. Cleavage Zygote Eight-cell stage Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 1) Cleavage – cell division w/out cytokinesis - More cells but same total volume – no cell growth

  5. Blastocoel Cleavage Cleavage Cross section of blastula Zygote Eight-cell stage Blastula Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 2) Blastula – hollow ball of cells -coel – opening or cavity

  6. Blastocoel Cleavage Cleavage Cross section of blastula Zygote Eight-cell stage Blastula Blastocoel Endoderm Ectoderm Gastrula Gastrulation Blastopore Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals (layer 3) Gastrulation – movement of cells to form 2 layers Blastopore – opening where cells move into Ectoderm – outside layer Endoderm – inside layer

  7. Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity • What is an animal? • Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion • Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls • Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement • Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile egg • How did animals evolve? • Current animal development • Current hypothesis

  8. Digestive cavity Somatic cells Reproductive cells Hollow sphereof unspecialized cells (shown in cross section) Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells Beginning of cell specialization Infolding Gastrula-like “protoanimal” Figure 32.4 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist

  9. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function (a) Tuna (b) Shark (c) Penguin (d) Dolphin (e) Seal Evolutionary convergence in fast swimmers

  10. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Simple diffusion from direct contact w/ environment • To internal exchange thru moist medium

  11. Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion (a) Single cell (b) Two cell layers Figure 40.3 Contact with the environment

  12. External environment Food CO2 O2 Mouth Animal body Respiratory system Blood 50 µm 0.5 cm A microscopic view of the lung reveals that it is much more spongelike than balloonlike. This construction provides an expansive wet surface for gas exchange with the environment (SEM). Cells Heart Nutrients Circulatory system 10 µm Interstitial fluid Digestive system Excretory system The lining of the small intestine, a diges- tive organ, is elaborated with fingerlike projections that expand the surface area for nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM). Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic tubules that exhange chemicals with blood flowing through a web of tiny vessels called capillaries (SEM). Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (urine) Figure 40.4 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

  13. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Simple diffusion from direct contact w/ environment • To internal exchange thru moist medium • 4. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • Atomsmoleculesorganellescellstissuesorgansorgan systems… • 5. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • Group of cells in a matrix with a common structure & function • Epithelial • Tightly packed sheets that cover the body, line organs & cavities w/in the body • Involved with secretion & absorption • Connective • Binds & supports other tissues • 3 kinds - collagenous, elastic, reticular • Muscular • Long cells made of contractile proteins (actin & myosin) • 3 kinds - skeletal, smooth, cardiac • Nervous • Sense stimuli & transmits signals • Neuron – basic unit/cell

  14. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • All of the chemical rxns within an organism • Catabolism – hydrolysis breaks bonds – releases energy – exergonic • Anabolism – dehydration rxns forms bonds – requires energy – endergonic

  15. Organic molecules in food External environment Animal body Digestion and absorption Heat Energy lost in feces Nutrient molecules in body cells Energy lost in urine Cellular respiration Carbon skeletons Heat ATP Biosynthesis: growth, storage, and reproduction Cellular work Heat Heat Figure 40.7 Bioenergetics of an animal: an overview

  16. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • All of the chemical rxns within an organism • Catabolism – hydrolysis breaks bonds – releases energy – exergonic • Anabolism – dehydration rxns forms bonds – requires energy – endergonic • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • - Steady state • Negative feedback • the response is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

  17. Response No heat produced Heater turned off Room temperature decreases Set point Too hot Set point Too cold Set point Control center: thermostat Room temperature increases Heater turned on Response Heat produced Figure 40.11 A nonliving example of negative feedback: control of room temperature Set point is maintained

  18. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • Steady state • Negative feedback • the response is in the opposite direction of the stimulus • Positive feedback • Response & stimulus are in the same direction • 8. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation? • Ectothermic – heat & metabolism based on environment • Endothermic – heat & metabolism regulated internally

  19. 40 River otter (endotherm) 30 Body temperature (°C) 20 Largemouth bass (ectotherm) 10 0 10 20 30 40 Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C) Figure 40.12 The relationship between body temperature and environmental temperature in an aquatic endotherm and ectotherm

  20. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?

  21. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation? • How can organisms exchange heat within their bodies? • - Countercurrent heat exchange

  22. Arteries carrying warm blood down the legs of a goose or the flippers of a dolphin are in close contact with veins conveying cool blood in the opposite direction, back toward the trunk of the body. This arrangement facilitates heat transfer from arteries to veins (black arrows) along the entire length of the blood vessels. 1 Pacific bottlenose dolphin Canada goose Near the end of the leg or flipper, where arterial blood has been cooled to far below the animal’s core temperature, the artery can still transfer heat to the even colder blood of an adjacent vein. The venous blood continues to absorb heat as it passes warmer and warmer arterial blood traveling in the opposite direction. Blood flow 2 1 Artery Vein Vein Artery 1 3 3 35°C 3 33° 30º 27º 20º 18º 2 10º 9º As the venous blood approaches the center of the body, it is almost as warm as the body core, minimizing the heat lost as a result of supplying blood to body parts immersed in cold water. 3 In the flippers of a dolphin, each artery is surrounded by several veins in a countercurrent arrangement, allowing efficient heat exchange between arterial and venous blood. 2 Figure 40.15 Countercurrent heat exchangers

  23. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation? • How can organisms exchange heat within their bodies? • How do we achieve homeostasis for body temperature?

  24. Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms. Blood vessels in skin dilate: capillaries fill with warm blood; heat radiates from skin surface. Increased body temperature (such as when exercising or in hot surroundings) Body temperature decreases; thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38C Body temperature increases; thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms. Decreased body temperature (such as when in cold surroundings) Blood vessels in skin constrict, diverting blood from skin to deeper tissues and reducing heat loss from skin surface. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms. Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat. Figure 40.21 The thermostat function of the hypothalamus in human thermoregulation

  25. Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function • What is an animal? • How did animals evolve? • How has exchange with the environment evolved? • Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization? • What is a tissue & what are the 4 types? • What is metabolism? • What is homeostasis & how is it achieved? • What are the 2 types of thermoregulation? • How do organisms exchange heat with their environment? • How do we achieve homeostasis for body temperature? • How do animals thermoregulate in temperature extremes? • Torpor – physiological state in which activity is low & • metabolism is decreased • Hibernation – winter – bears, Belding’s ground squirrels • Estivation – summer – many reptiles, bees

  26. Figure 40.22 Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation in Belding’s ground squirrels Additional metabolism that would be necessary to stay active in winter 200 Actual metabolism 100 Metabolic rate (kcal per day) 0 Arousals 35 Body temperature 30 25 20 Temperature (°C) 15 10 5 Outside temperature 0 Burrow temperature -5 -10 -15 June August October December February April

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