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1. Officers Training Officers Strategy & Tactics and Rapid Entry Search
2. Student Performance Objectives
Today’s presentation will provide the attendee with an introduction to several concepts that should enhance emergency scene performance on the fireground.
3. Overview
Command Sequence
Strategy
Tactics
Tasks
Reading Smoke
Handling the MAYDAY
4.
We will risk a life to save a life;
we will use considerable caution to protect savable property;
we will not risk a life to save what is already lost.
5. Command Sequence Step by step decision making process of incident management
Performing size – up
(The Thinking Phase)
Determining strategy & selecting tactics
(The Planning Phase)
Implementing the action plan
(The Action Phase)
6. Strategy
Loosely defined as “what has to be done to solve the problem”
Broad Goals
Overall plan to control the operation
7. Three Strategies Offensive
Defensive
Transitional
8. Offensive – coordinated, aggressive interior attack Adequate resources
Predict benefits worth risks
Necessary support functions
9. Defensive – fight the fire with minimum risk
Risk too great for benefit
Insufficient resources
Maximize safety
Stay out of collapse zone
No entry made
Contain fire in area of present involvement
Protect exposures
Loss of building probable
Master stream operation
10. Transitional - switching from one operational mode to the other Defensive to Offensive
No entry made until additional resources arrive
Begin interior attack
Offensive to Defensive
Confine fire until rescue can be completed
Protect exposures
11. National Fire Academy Incident Priorities PRIORITY
Life Safety
Incident Stabilization
Property Conservation
BENCHMARK
All Clear
Under Control
Loss Stopped
12. Lloyd Layman’s Strategies R-E-C-E-O
-VS-
Rescue
Exposures
Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation-Salvage
13. Tactics The execution of the Strategic Plan
Tactics deals specifically with selecting, placing, and operating:
PERSONNEL, HOSELINES, LADDERS
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
14. Engine Company Tactics NOZZLE SELECTION
HANDLINE SELECTION
HANDLINE PLACEMENT
TACTICAL HOSE MANAGEMENT
15. Principal role of the engine company is to:
Locate,
Confine, and
Extinguish the fire.
16. Select the appropriate nozzle and handline based on:
Required fire flow (L x W/3)
Staffing
Attack Mode (Offensive, Defensive, Transitional)
17. Handline Selection 1 3/4” minimum for interior fire attack.
Rules of thumb:
Up to three rooms involved, 1 3/4”.
Three or more rooms involved, 2.5” or larger.
Commercial occupancy 2.5” or larger.
High rise, 1 3/4” w/solid stream or 2” +.
Solid Stream for “Black Fire”
18. Handline Placement Handlines are placed to accomplish one of three goals:
Protect occupants
Protect means of egress
Attack and extinguish fire, including extension
19. 3-Line Concept
1st line – Attack
2nd line – Back up / Exposures (Int. or Ext.)
3rd line – Back up/Extension Prevention
20. Tactical Hose Management
Fully stretch drag loads before flaking shoulder loads.
Un-needed hose should not be stretched into a building.
Additional hose should be flaked outside of the entrance.
21. Special Service Tactics
Ladders
Overhaul
Ventilation
Entry
Rescue
Salvage
Utilities
22. Ladders & Ventilation
“Prepare” the building for entry by engine company and search teams.
23. Ladder Selection & Placement Quick Select Method
Choose the ladder that
has the same first digit
as the floor you are
trying to reach.
(Example: Need to reach a 2nd story window, choose a 24 or 28’ ladder. Need to reach the roof of a 3 story building, choose a 35’ ladder.)
24. Ventilation Vent for two reasons:
fire
life
(Battalion Chief John Norman, FDNY)
25. Venting for life begins as soon as a life hazard is realized.
May intensify the fire.
Venting for fire is delayed until attack teams and resources are in place.
26. Search
Move rapidly
Close interior doors
Stay in contact with reference
Search with a partner
Use tools and lights
27.
Do not compromise the protective “membrane” of the compartment that surrounds you while you are conducting search operations.
28.
Requires a commitment of resources to areas most likely to contain victims.
a. bedrooms
interior travel routes
(hallways & stairs)
c. outside the structure
29. Narrowing the Search Where were victims were last seen?
Cries for help heard?
Is the structure
occupied or not?
30. Rapid-Entry-Search (RES) Advantage - search personnel enter structure from safe atmosphere (outside), search small areas (sometimes single rooms), then exit.
Disadvantage - often conducted ahead of hoseline on “fire” side of structure. If PPV goes in service, entry point can become exhaust port for PPV.(Must coordinate)
31. Must be coordinated with Incident Commander.
RES should only be used when probability of finding victim is high!
32. Tasks
Labor intensive activities that work to satisfy either:
Layman’s “RECEO(SV)” or NFA’s “LIPs”
Life Safety, Incident Stabilization, Property conservation (Strategies)
33. Specific activities that firefighters engage in to satisfy tactics
34.
Advancing handlines
Throwing ladders
Operating nozzles
Operating pumps
Using tools and
appliances
35. Reading Smoke
Familiarize yourself with
The Art Of Reading Smoke
36. Handling the MAYDAY!
Standardized Survival Actions of a Lost/Disoriented Firefighter
37. STAY CALM! Conserve your air supply.
Stay with your partner (or crew).
Initiate a “MAYDAY” provide CANA
C – Conditions
A – Actions
N – Needs
A – Air
38.
Activate PASS
Monitor radio/Update
Turn off PASS to communicate!
Reactivate PASS after!
Use flashlight to signal
Use tools or debris to alert rescuers
39.
Attempt to locate an exit/area of refuge
Move toward visible light
Listen for audible sounds
Search walls for windows/doors
Search for a hoseline (read couplings)
Attempt to locate a lifeline
40.
Go down steps unless in a basement or sub-floor.
Assume defensive posture
If lying down, do not muffle your pass alarm
Protect facepiece with gloved hands
41. Handling the MAYDAY!
Standardized
Actions of a Rapid Intervention Team in Locating and Removing
a Lost/Disoriented
Firefighter
42. Pre-plan structure and fire conditions upon arrival Prolonged burn time/heavy fire conditions
Smoke/water showing through walls
Inadequate ventilation (potential for rapid fire development)
Sagging floors, bulging walls, localized interior collapse
2 or more floors involved
Unprotected steel
43. Fireground Preparations Proactive ladders (Always place more ladders than you think you will need)
*Four-side scene lighting/Entry point lighting
Back-up/Safety Lines
Proactive softening of the structure
44. Response to the MAYDAY Monitor Radio communications
RIT is not rapid (Phoenix/Seattle trials)
Consider personal limitations
Don’t become a victim yourself
Officers know your people!
45. Personnel Discipline
Those closest may assist
Those not closest need to get out of the way!
Fire Attack must continue
Look for signals
Activated PASS Alarm
flashlight beams
banging on walls and floors
46. *Check exterior walls and corners*
RIT Team Concept
“AWARE”
Air
Water
A Radio
Extrication plan
47. Three or more teams RIT #1 – Recon & Search
Locate downed/lost member
Establish traceable means of access to victim
Determine additional needs
RIT #2 – Stabilization/Removal
Provide equipment & personnel requested
Begin extrication process
48. RIT #3 – Support Team
Provide external support
Provide personnel to support
49. The successful rescue of a downed firefighter is dependent upon a well-defined rescue action plan that is continually updated.
50. Wrap Up Be Vigilant, Stay Focused.
Think before you act.
Use all of your resources.
Conduct a “gross decon” after exiting and prior to removing air source.
51. Think Strategically,
Act Tactically