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Land Use and Transportation Models. G111/211a Draft Notes. New era. Policies aim at more complex processes Sustainability is becoming increasingly more popular – possibly accepted practice(?!) Cause and effects between transportation and land use are not one-way linear sequences
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Land Use and Transportation Models G111/211a Draft Notes
New era • Policies aim at more complex processes • Sustainability is becoming increasingly more popular – possibly accepted practice(?!) • Cause and effects between transportation and land use are not one-way linear sequences • Short, medium, and long term relationships can now be modeled using somewhat sophisticated tools and fast computers
CAAA – ISTEA - TEA-21 LAND USE INTEGRATED MODELS = AN ACCOUNT FOR TWO WAY RELATIONSHIPS TRANSPORTATION AIR QUALITY
It is a different and changing policy world – European Union, Japan, Canada, Australia, and USA Mobility vs Accessibility
Policy Coordination with Packages of Policy Actions in the EU • Effective Governance = • Integration of Policies = • New Needs for Policy Action Assessments = • More Informative Models
Transportation and Land Use • Land Development --> Location Choices • Location Choices --> Activities • Location Choices - Car Ownership • Activities -> Travel • Travel -> Flows • Flows -> Activity Patterns • Use Spatial Distribution • AND MANY MORE • See next
Example: Mobility as Transit Mobility Use land use to increase transit use (TCRP study)
Increase Residential Density Activity locations closer to each other Transit service more economical Other factors need to be considered Neighborhood Design Mixed land use Transit friendly designs (think of turning radius) Mode separation Size! Seven Groups of Factors (1&2/7)
Transit Supply Situational barriers System & Service (availability, frequency, timing/flexibility) Knowledge/information Negative predisposition Cost/time/comfort Car Ownership Number of cars Types of cars Specialization = more use? Costs (perceived and real) Seven Groups of Factors (3&4/7)
Socioeconomics Age Gender Income Employment/Occupation Social Role Workplace/Employment Density Bring the CBD back! High density suburban centers Campus examples Parking? Seven Groups of Factors (5&6/7)
The Seventh Factor • Accessibility • Connectivity • Amount of activities • Closeness
Theories • Spatial Interaction (Distance decay functions) • Urban Land Markets (Bid rent) • Waves Theories – Urban Life Cycles (Rise and Fall) • Social Ecology (Clusters and specialized centers) • Action-space analyses -> optimal space and location for activities • Time-budgets -> time geography -> activity-based approaches • NEXT??????
The Von Thunen Model of Market, Production, and Distance • R = Y(p-c) – Yfm R = Rent per unit of land. Y = Yield per unit of land. p = market price per unit of yield. c = Average production costs per unit of yield. m = Distance from market (in kilometers or miles). f = Freight rate per unit of yield and unit of distance. • Assumptions: • Isolation. There is one isolated market in an isolated state having no interactions (trade) with the outside. • Ubiquitous land characteristics. The land surrounding the market in entirely flat and its fertility uniform. • Transportation. It is assumed there are no transport infrastructures such as roads or rivers and that farmers are transporting their production to the market using horses and carts. Transportation costs are dependent of the type of commodity being transported to the market as well as the distance involved. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/
The Isolated State von Thünen, 1826 See also: http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/9
Lessons Learned • Land Rent: • Distance Decay
Central Places Christaller, 1933 A Central Place is a settlement or a nodal point that serves the area around with goods and services (Mayhew, 1997). Christaller's model also was based on the premise that all goods and services were purchased by consumers from the nearest central place, that the demands placed on all central places in the plain were similar, and that none of the central places made any excessive profit. See http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/67
Bid-Rent Theory Alonso, 1964
Example: Bid rent theories Diamond sales in the CBD and agriculture in the periphery – residences obey a somewhat different law/rule
Retail Location Huff, 1964 Huff Retail Location Model – competitive with explicit macro-rules: see also http://www.belkcollege.uncc.edu/mjkhouja/Locate8.ppt#261,10,Single Facility Location Using Cross Median Approach
Household Location Park & Burgess, 1925 An evolutionary approach to urban ecology: http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/26
Isard’s Hybrid Model Note the Corridors of development
Action Spaces Hägerstrand, 1970
Interaction = travel time Dispersion = employment distance from City centre
Better Transportation -> Better Accessibility What happens to land use?
Ideal Designs Monocentric – Compact City Polycentric – Pockets of Paradise Dispersed Development – People Driven
Empirical (Data analysis) Studies General findings
Be Aware of Selectivity Issues • People that select city centers different than people in suburbs • People that select to live in large cities different than small town dwellers • Large portions of decision making spheres largely neglected – school choice, effect of family and friends, family endowments, what else?
