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Phrases and Clauses

Discover the main differences between phrases and clauses, including prepositional, participial, infinitive, and noun phrases, as well as independent, dependent, and relative clauses. Learn through clear examples!

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Phrases and Clauses

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  1. Phrases and Clauses What are they??? How are they different???

  2. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE • Phrases DO NOT have a SUBJECT and a VERB!!! • Clauses have BOTH a SUBJECT and a VERB.

  3. Four Types of Phrases • REMEMBER…NO SUBJECT AND VERB • Prepositional Phrase • Participle Phrase • Infinitive Phrase • Noun Phrase

  4. #1: Prepositional Phrase • = a preposition + a noun (and any modifiers) • In the following example, the preposition is in red and the noun is in green (along with any modifiers): • fromthe house during the movie • behind a rock about his messy room • around the track near the field

  5. #2: Participial Phrase • A participle is a verb used as another part of speech. • Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed. • For example: running water, baked potato, loving husband, loaded weapon • More examples: looking closely, staying up all night, studying English, working out

  6. #3: Infinitive Phrase • To + verb = Infinitive Phrase • If you have ever studied a foreign language, you may remember that verbs are always studied with the infinitive first!!!

  7. The Infinitive Form to love (the infinitive form) I love We love You love You love He/she/itThey love loves

  8. The Infinitive Phrase (cont’d) • The infinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb. • Examples • To run a mile • To start over • To do homework all night • To win the contest • To wake up early

  9. #4 Noun Phrases • Adjective + Noun = Noun Phrase • The tall building • A smoky, crowded room • Fussy, half-naked toddlers • Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

  10. —Don’t Mix These up!! • It is fairly easy to identify the different types of phrases, except for those beginning with “to.” • To run a mile (infinitive) • To the football stadium (prepositional) • To finish my homework (infinitive) • To the teacher

  11. Three Types of Clauses • REMEMBER: HAVE BOTH A SUBJECT AND A VERB!!! • Independent clauses • Dependent clauses • Relative clauses

  12. Independent Clauses • Have asubjectand averb and can stand alone. • Another word for an independent clause ismain clauseorsentence. • Examples • Thedoctorfinished the examination. • Studentsleavethe campus when class is over.

  13. Dependent Clauses • Dependent clauses have subjects and verbs but they cannot stand alone!!! • Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless (etc.) • Examples: • Because I left early • If we find my notebook

  14. Dependent Clauses (cont.) • Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete!!! • Written alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what is about to come…like a “cliffhanger” in a story… • Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

  15. Dependent Clauses (cont.) • Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… (dependent clause) • We purchased coyote to live with us. (independent clause). • Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased coyote to live with us.

  16. Examples of Dependent Clauses • AlthoughIspent three hours studying, • Because the childrenhad hidden the key, • Ifstudentssign-up early, • Unless the weatherprevents travel, • Wheneveryonefinished dinner, • After the scheduleis published, • (Note how each of these requires something to follow it!)

  17. Relative Clauses • Relative clauses are easy to recognize because they begin with who, which, or that. • They are not questions, but are parts of sentences. • Mike, who usually finishes first, was unable to out run me. • Pasta, which is included in most diets, has a lot of carbohydrates. • The toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown out!!

  18. --DON’T MIX THESE UP! • The words before and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses. • Prepositional phrase: after the storm/before the alarm • Dependent clause: after the storm ended/ before the alarm rang

  19. Phrase Review • Prepositional—above the clouds/near my house/along the shore • Participial—leaving work early/sleeping until noon/celebrating the holidays/filled with liquid • Infinitive—to walk the dog/to play the piano/to watch the television • Noun—a blue glass/ fifty wild iguanas

  20. Clause Review • Independent Clause /Main Clause—(Sentence) Broccoli is my favorite food. • Dependent Clause– Because broccoli is my favorite food (needs a thought to complete it!) • Relative Clause—Broccoli, which is my favorite food, is tasty.

  21. YOU DID IT!!!!!

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