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BIOLOGY 3404F EVOLUTION OF PLANTS Fall 2008

BIOLOGY 3404F EVOLUTION OF PLANTS Fall 2008. Lecture 18 Tuesday November 25, 2008 Monocots. Phylum Magnoliophyta, Class Liliopsida. Order Acorales - Sweet Flag Order Alismatales - Water Plantain, etc. Order Dioscoreales - Yams and relatives Order Liliales - Lilies and relatives

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BIOLOGY 3404F EVOLUTION OF PLANTS Fall 2008

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  1. BIOLOGY 3404FEVOLUTION OF PLANTSFall 2008 Lecture 18 Tuesday November 25, 2008 Monocots

  2. Phylum Magnoliophyta, Class Liliopsida • Order Acorales - Sweet Flag • Order Alismatales - Water Plantain, etc. • Order Dioscoreales - Yams and relatives • Order Liliales - Lilies and relatives • Order Asparagales - Asparagus and relatives • Order Arecales - Palms • Order Commelinales - Spiderwort , etc. • Order Zingiberales - Gingers, bananas etc. • Order Poales - Graminoids and bromeliads

  3. Acorales: Acoraceae, Sweet Flag Rhizomes of Sweet Flag have been used as food and medicine around the northern hemisphere. They are said to have a pungent and bitter taste, perhaps why they were sometimes candied. Chewing on a fresh piece of rhizome (preferably with the mud washed off) is said to be good for relieving toothaches or for teething children; also for relieving tiredness among trappers (the northern version of coca leaves). Not recommended by the FDA. http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/thome/band1/tafel_042_small.jpg

  4. Order Alismatales • Families • Alismataceae - water plantains • Araceae - aroids (includes Lemnaceae – the duckweeds) • Hydrocharitaceae - various “waterweeds” • Potamogetonaceae - pondweeds • Zosteraceae - eelgrass

  5. Alismataceae Saggitaria (arrowhead lilies, left) and Alisma (water plantains, below) are common aquatic plants http://biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium/Plants

  6. Araceae, the Aroids Anthurium (left) and Arisaema (Jack-in-the-pulpit, right) are classic aroids, with spathe and spadix inflorescences

  7. Duckweeds: Lemna and Wolffia (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)

  8. Wolffia borealis flower (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)

  9. Flowering plant of Lemna gibba (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)

  10. Hydrocharitaceae - various “waterweeds” Valisneria, or freshwater eel grass (Hydrocharitaceae)

  11. Elodea (top left, a common aquarium plant) is a monocot and member of the Hydrocharitaceae, but Myriophyllum (top right) and Ranunculus aquatilis (lower) are both eudicots – all adapted for life in water.

  12. Potamogetonaceae - pondweeds Pondweeds may have broad floating or emergent leaves, and grass-like or filamentous submerged leaves; flowers are inconspicuous. http://www.mikrojezioro.met.pl/atlas_ros/original/potamogeton_natans_rys.jpg

  13. Zosteraceae – eel grasses www.nature.shetland.co.uk/ brc/seawatch.htm Eel grass (Zostera marina) is an important food of many marine animals, including brant geese; flowers are rarely seen and very inconspicuous at the base of the leaves. http://www.eeb.uconn.edu

  14. Order Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae - Yams Progesterone (birth-control) pills and cortisone are manufactured from cultivated yams (Dioscorea)

  15. Order Liliales Zygadenus (Liliaceae) • Families • Liliaceae • Smilacaceae • Trilliaceae Smilax, known as greenbriers

  16. Order Asparagales Alliaceae (incl Amaryllidaceae) Asparagaceae (incl Agavaceae) Iridaceae Orchidaceae Yucca and Asparagus (Asparagaceae)

  17. Alliaceae - onions and Amaryllis

  18. Iridaceae http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/flowers2/iris.jpg

  19. Orchidaceae – the orchids

  20. Pollinating an orchid can be dangerous!

  21. Order Arecales:Arecaceae (Palmae) - the palms Coconut, oil palm, palm nuts (pejibaye), palm hearts, …

  22. Order Commelinales • Commelinaceae - spiderworts • Pontederiaceae - pickerelweeds

  23. Order Poales - graminoids, bromeliads and relatives Families • Bromeliaceae - bromeliads • Cyperaceae - sedges • Eriocaulaceae • Juncaceae - rushes • Poaceae (= Gramineae) - grasses • Typhaceae (incl. Sparganiaceae) - bullrushes • Xyridaceae

  24. Bromeliaceae - bromeliads

  25. Cyperaceae, Typhaceae Carex, a sedge Typha, cat-tail or bullrush

  26. Poaceae (= Gramineae) - grasses

  27. Order Zingiberales http://floredumonde.online.fr/photos/heliconia.jpg • Heliconiaceae - heliconias • Marantaceae - marantas • Musaceae - bananas • Zingiberaceae - gingers Heliconia

  28. A ginger Maranta, Marantaceae

  29. Musa, the banana

  30. Importance • Economic: HUGE! List some of the major monocot crops. What other products, other than food, do we obtain from monocots? • Ecological: HUGE! Grasses, and in cooler, wetter areas sedges, form the dominant vegetation over large areas of the globe. • Evolutionary: Second and fifth largest (in number of species) flowering plant families: Orchidaceae (20k) and Poaceae (9k). Tremendous diversity and huge impact on evolution of other groups organisms, from microbes to vertebrates.

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