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The biology of plants

The biology of plants. I . The Plant Cell. organelles. Chloroplast. Light Energy. PS: . H 2 O. C 6 H 12 O 6 +. O 2. CO 2 +. Glucose. Mitochondrion. CO 2 +. H 2 O. RS: . C 6 H 12 O 6 +. O 2. ATP. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration.

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The biology of plants

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  1. The biology of plants

  2. I. The Plant Cell organelles Chloroplast Light Energy PS: H2O C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + Glucose Mitochondrion CO2 + H2O RS: C6H12O6 + O2 ATP The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration

  3. The cell wall 1. Primary cell wall 2. Secondary cell wall carbohydrate polysaccharide Lignin Hardwoods/ softwoods

  4. Zone of cell division Zone of elongation Zone of maturation Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Zone of cell division How a plant grows Apical meristem shoot root Apical meristem

  5. II. Stems • Definitions: cells, tissues, organs • 3 basic tissue patterns • 3 major vegetative organs 1. Herbaceous dicot 2. Monocot Shoot system 3. Woody Root system

  6. herbaceous dicot tissues epidermis cuticle • dermal • ground • (cortex and pith) • vascular • (xylem and phloem) Vascular bundle

  7. 2 categories of tissues • Meristematic tissues • 1. Apical meristem (10 growth) 2. Lateral meristems (20 growth) a. vascular cambium: 20 xylem and 20 phloem b. cork cambium: cork 3. Intercalary meristems

  8. Apical Bud

  9. Non-meristematic tissues 1. Simple tissues: one cell type a. parenchyma c. sclerenchyma 10 cell walls 10 and 20 cell walls sclerids fibers b. collenchyma

  10. Non-meristematic tissues Vascular cambium: 2. Complex tissues: mixed cell types • 20xylem = wood • 10 phloem • 20phloem = inner bark • 10 xylem Cork = outer bark

  11. Origin of tissues lots of cells parenchyma cork cambium outer bark collenchyma sclerenchyma Apical meristem (shoot) 10 xylem 10 phloem 20 xylem vascular cambium 20 phloem

  12. Wood: woody dicots and conifers • Development of vascular cambium • Cork cambium

  13. Other features of wood 1. sapwood and heartwood 2. vascular rays 3. growth rings

  14. Monocot stems

  15. III. Roots • Herbaceous Root systems • 1. fibrous root systems • 2. tap root systems • Functions • Absorb water and minerals • Anchor • Storage Monocots versus dicots Different strategies

  16. Inside roots • A. Primary tissues • 1. epidermis • 2. cortex • 3. vascular tissues • 4. endodermis • 5. pericycle • B. Secondary tissues

  17. Pericycle

  18. IV. Leaves light energy CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 A. Function B. Anatomy of a leaf 1. blades and petioles 2. leaf types chloroplasts / chlorophyll blade petiole Simple leaf leaflets Compound leaf

  19. C. Leaves of grass Intercalary meristems Evolutionary pressures: fire herbivory mowing

  20. D. Conifer leaves Douglas fir epidermis Western white pine sunken stomata Waxy cuticle hypodermis thick mesophyll endodermis Western redcedar

  21. Inside leaves cuticle A. Cellular organization 1. epidermis 2. mesophyll: two parts a- palisade cells b- spongy cells 3. veins: phloem and xylem B. Water loss- cuticles

  22. Stomata

  23. Photosynthesis I. Preview of photosynthesisII. Photosynthetic reactionsIII. Light dependent reactionsIV. Light independent reactionsV. Summary of events and importance of photosynthesis Light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

  24. Light Dependent Reactions Photophosphorylation 2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2 ATP synthase Capturing of light: chlorophyll Production of ATP

  25. Light independent reactions Rubisco CO2 Fixation Glucose

  26. C3, C4, and CAM plants C3 CAM C4

  27. Summary of events and importance of photosynthesis primary producers Light Energy PS: CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 RS: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O ATP

  28. Plant reproduction I. FlowersA. Pollen grains and ovules B. Reproduction in general C. Flower partsD. Flower characteristics II. Fertilization A. Pollination B. Double fertilization III. Seeds and fruitsA. Anatomy of a seed B. Seed dispersal C. Fruit formation D. Fruit types

  29. I. Flowers A. Pollen grains and ovules B. Reproduction in general haploid (1n) versus diploid (2n) central cell ovules ovary 7 cells, 8 nuclei egg

  30. C. Flower parts /corolla (2n) (1n) (carpel) sepals/calyx peduncle

  31. II. Fertilization • Pollination • 1. Definition • 2. Barriers to self pollination • 3. Attraction and rewards mimic high Barriers to self pollination time of maturation genetic differences nectar guides

  32. A. Pollination 4. types self buzz animal Out crossing In breeding wind

  33. B. Double fertilization pollen pollen tube ovule endosperm embryo

  34. I. Seed germination A. Seed dormancy B. Stages in germination 1. imbibition 2. break down of starch 3. radicle, plummule, cotyledons C. Other germination requirements Three basic conditions 1. proper temperature 2. proper moisture 3. aeration fire cold acid

  35. D. Early development shoot apex cotyledons radicle root apex

  36. III. Seeds and fruits A. Anatomy of a seed micropyle hilum Monocots versus dicots

  37. B. Seed dispersal

  38. C. Fruit formation exocarp pericarp mesocarp endocarp

  39. D. Edible fruit types Examples Fruit type Origin Other Single ovary Simple Many seeds Fleshy endo 1. berry Juice sacs Leathery exo a. hesperidium Many seeds Inseparable exo b. pepo One seed Stony endo 2. drupe Many seeds Papery endo 3. pome Many ovaries Same flower Many fused fruits Aggregate Many ovaries Many flowers Multiple

  40. The end

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