NCEA Level 3 Biology Achievement Standard 3.5 ‘Describe processes and patterns of evolution by;

2. NCEA Level 3 Biology • Achievement Standard 3.5 • ‘Describe processes and patterns of evolution by; • Discussing ways in which speciation occurs (sympatric and allopatric) • Discussing reproductive isolating mechanisms that contribute to speciation (geographical, temporal, ecological, behavioural, structural barriers and polyploidy)

3. Patterns and Processes of Evolution Charles Darwin “Father of Evolution”

4. From early times, people have tried to explain the origins of human beings and other living things on earth. Cultures, groups of people and individuals have various ideas about how life, earth and humans came about and what it means. • In Science we learn about the Scientific theory of Evolution

5. Maori Have the story that Papa, the earth goddess and Rangi the god of the sky, where joined so tightly that no light could come into the world and their children could not escape from between them. Tane, managed to separate them, which allowed light into the world meaning plants could grow and animals survive.

6. The Boshongo Tribe This is a tribe in central Africa. They believed that in the beginning there was only darkness, water and the god Bumba. One day Bumba had a bad stomach ache and vomited up the sun, moon, stars, animals and finally man.

7. Christian Story God made the world in 6 days and rested on the seventh. This comes from the old Testament and has been passed on through generations.

8. Thoughts from Scientists

9. 1. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 73yrs oldSailed around the world 1831-1836

10. 2. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal • The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known. • These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution.

11. 3.How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? • Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands

12. Galapagos Turtles

13. 4. Evolution is when organisms change over time. So, modern organisms descended from ancient ones

14. 5. Evolution is a Theory – Just like Gravity! • Evolution is a well supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world • A theory in science is a well tested hypothesis, not just a guess

15. 5. Geologists: Hutton and Lyell • Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years old • Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years old because; • layers of rock take time to form • processes such as volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur today

16. 6. LamarkTheory of acquired characteristics • Lamark said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways • These new characteristics were passed to offspring • Lamark was totally wrong! • … but raised some good points

17. 7. Darwin finally published his ideas in 1859 • Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did. • Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.

18. Descent with Modification • Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

19. Summary of Darwin’s Theory 1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited 2. Organisms produce more offspring than survive 3. Organisms compete for resources 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their children 5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestors

20. Evidence of Evolution • Fossil Record • Geographic Distribution of Living Species • Homologous Body structures • Similarities in Embryology

21. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

22. Relative vs. Absolute Dating

23. Relative Dating • Can determine a fossil’s relative age • Performed by estimating fossil age compared with that of other fossils • Drawbacks – provides no info about age in years

24. Absolute dating • Can determine the absolute age in numbers • Is performed by radioactive dating – based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes remain • Drawbacks - part of the fossil is destroyed during the test

25. Carbon-14 Dating

26. Fossil Formation

27. Primate Fossils Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo sapien

28. Primate Bone structure

29. Human Relatives

30. Evidence of Evolution • Geographic Distribution of Living Species Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of descent Geographic distribution- the distribution of related species, especially on isolated islands, provides evidence of how new species have evolved.

32. Evidence of Evolution Turtle Homologous Body Structures • Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues e.g. Wing of bat, human arm, leg of turtle Alligator Bird

33. Homologous Body Structures

34. Vestigial Organs • traces of homologous organs in other species • Organ that serves no useful function e.g. Appendix, horse chestnut, dog claw…

35. Evidenceof Evolution Similarities in Embryology • In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

36. Embryological development

37. Define the terms species and population NZ Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) • Species- A group of organisms that are sufficiently similar to each other to be capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. • Population – All the organisms of a particular species living in a defined area. http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/threatened/graphics/seal.gif http://simonc.f2o.org/south/images/penguins_wallpaper.jpg

38. Example • Dogs are within the species of Canines. they are similar enough to all other organisms in this group to reproduce and give rise to fertile offspring- wolves, foxes, poodles, husky… • The population is all the Canines living in a certain area- African fighting Dogs in Southern Africa • Population is localised, species is global

39. So… • A species is a group of organisms whose members can reproduce to give fertile offspring • Genes can therefore be exchanged between gene pools of populations of the same species but not between populations of different species

40. Evolution is… • A genetic change in a population • The genetic make up of a population is its gene pool which is all the genes in the whole population • When new offspring are born its genes contribute to the gene pool of the population • When an organism dies, its genes are lost from the gene pool

41. Divergent Evolution • This occurs when an ancestral species evolves into two or more species that become specialised to occupy different ecological niches. http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/johns/past/bc578/wk10/98-Exercise_10S09.gif

43. Adaptive radiation • When an ancestral species diverges into a large number of species occupying separate niches. • It is a relatively rapid process that involves the founder effect. http://www.biology-online.org/images/darwin_finches.jpg

44. Blue-black grassquit finch (seed eating ground finch) from South American mainland http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/ibl/S10/DesignS/lib/exe/fetch.php?w=&h=&cache=cache&media=terms:adaptive_radiation.jpg

45. The most famous example of adaptive radiation. http://lshs.leesummit.k12.mo.us/kjones/Cameron's%20Website/EVOLUTION_files/slide0052_image098.jpg http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Pictures/LandBirds/FinchTypes.jpeg

46. Parallel Evolution • Similar features may evolve in related species whose common ancestral species did not have those features. This occurs through experiencing similar selection pressures. • Many Biologists argue that this is really convergent evolution. http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/evolution/rabbitconverg.gif

47. Convergent Evolution • When species that have a similar way of life evolve similar features, even though they have quite different ancestors. • NZ example; divaricating habit of many unrelated shrubs (60 species belonging to 20 different plant families). This is thought to be linked to the presence of browsing Moas in the past. http://www.bushmansfriend.co.nz/site/images/20525.jpg

48. http://home.earthlink.net/~snailstales/parallelism.JPG

49. In Summary Which one’s which?!!

50. Punctuated equilibrium: evolutionary model in which there is long periods of little change in the species punctuated by short bursts of rapid change most often associated with speciation. Ancestor is still present. Gradualism: evolutionary model for the rate of evolution where the accumulation of changes resulting in speciation occurs slowly and steadily over millions of years. Ancestor is extinct.