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Nuclear Chemistry . By Robert Jakubek and Michael Maki. Nuclear Decay . Decay Particles α (alpha) Particle, β (beta) particle, λ (gamma particle), Positron, and Neutron Decay Processes α (alpha) radiation, β (beta) radiation, and λ (gamma) radiation Nuclear Reaction Equations
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Nuclear Chemistry By Robert Jakubek and Michael Maki
Nuclear Decay • Decay Particles • α (alpha) Particle, β (beta) particle, λ (gamma particle), Positron, and Neutron • Decay Processes • α (alpha) radiation, β (beta) radiation, and λ (gamma) radiation • Nuclear Reaction Equations • This that radioactivity is the result of a natural change of an isotope of one element into an isotope of a different element. (Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Kotz, Treichel, Weaver) • Zone of Stability (neutron to proton ratio) • A zone where different elements have stable isotopes
Decay Particles: • α (Alpha) particle: An alpha particle is a a helium-4 particles. When an Alpha particle is lost by an elemental isotope, then it will decrease in atomic number and mass. • β (Beta) particle: A beta particle is electrons that are emitted by a unstable nucleus. These beta particles travel at high speeds. A beta particle has a negative charge thus increasing the atomic number when being emitted. • λ (Gamma) particle: A gamma particle are very short wave length of high energy photons. When a gamma particle is present, it does not change the atomic mass nor the atomic number.
Positron: A positron is a particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has the opposite charge. • Electron Capture: This is when an electron is captured by the nucleus of an atom. • Neutron: A neutral particle that is part of the nucleus.
Decay Process • Alpha Decay: This means that an element is shooting out alpha particles. When this happens, the element changes to a different isotope and different element such as, Uranium-238 undergoes a alpha decay which produces Thorium-234. • Beta Decay: When a nucleus of an element becomes unstable, it shoots out a Beta particle causing the element to change such as, I-131 undergoes a beta decay creating Xenon-131.
Gamma Decay: A gamma decay happens when other decays happen because the gamma decay represents the energy that is lost. • Positron: Same process as a beta decay, however instead of a negative emission, it is a positive emission. • Electron Capture: When an electron attaches to a nucleus of an atom. • Neutron: When there is an abundance of Neutrons in the nucleus.
Nuclear Reaction Equations • Nuclear Reaction equations are equations to show what type of reaction happened such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Positron, Neutron, or electron capture particles happened.
Neutron: Electron Capture: Is essentially the same as a beta decay
Zone of Stability: The number of neutrons versus the number of protons for stable nuclei. • Stable nuclei are in the shaded area.
Binding Energy • Binding energy is the amount of energy needed to separate a nucleus into individual nucleons.
E=mc2 • E stands for energy • M stands for mass • C stands for speed of light. (constant) • These terms are all proportional, thus saying if mass is lost, then energy is lost.
Rate and Half Life • N=Noe-kt or A=Aoe-kt---These are equations to show the half life decay. Half life’s can range from millionths of a second to a billion years. A radioactive isotope is on its on, meaning it won’t be affected by any external source such as temperature or pressure. • -dN/dt=A=kN—Rate equation.
