Civil War Era

1. Civil War Era

2. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny: the US should expand from coast to coast Reasons for wanting to expand west • Religion - many Americans were looking for increased religious freedom. Brigham Young led the Mormons along the Mormon Trail to Utah

4. American Progress By John Gast Starring: Columbia the Angel

5. Reasons for wanting to expand west cont’d… • Expansion of cotton culture: the expansion of cotton into the west meant the expansion of slavery too – the question of balance between “slave states” and “free states” would be a huge issue in the coming years before the Civil War

6. Reasons for wanting to expand west cont’d… • Opportunity the chance for a better economic situation, or personal freedoms, encouraged many people to move west for a new, and hopefully better life. The “Gold Rush” of the late 1840’s brought many people to the west coast.

7. Disputes over expansion • Oregon Dispute: - both the U.S. and Great Britain claimed the area that is now the American Northwest - a settlement was made dividing the lands at the 49th parallel - Great Britain got the lands north of the line (What is today Canada)

8. Disputes over expansion cont’d… • Texas/Mexican War - Texas was first its own nation – it had won independence from Mexico in 1836 - over time, many Texans began to have economic and cultural connections with the U.S. - the U.S. annexed Texas into the Union in 1845 - a boundary dispute led to the Mexican-American War the next year • the U.S. won and took over additional lands from Mexico including California

9. Settlement of the West Homestead Act of 1862: - The Federal Government offered 160 acresto any adult citizen for just $10 - the settler agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years before acquiring ownership - millions of Americans, along with millions of foreign-born immigrants moved west

10. Settlement of the West cont’d… • Transcontinental Railroad: - the federal government sponsored the building of a railroad to cross the United States • the first was completed in 1869 - new markets in the west were opened up to eastern products - western products could now reach the eastern markets easier - migration of people increased significantly

11. The Transcontinental Railroad Met at Promontory Point, Utah Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Omaha, NB Sacramento, CA

12. Clash with Native Americans: Indian Wars: - the late 1800’s saw increased conflict between Native-American tribes and Americans - led by Sitting Bull, the Sioux had many conflicts, including the Battle of Little Big Horn - the Massacre at Wounded Kneeis considered the end of the Indian Wars - most native people were now located on lands called reservations

15. The Genocide question: • events such as the Massacre at Wounded Knee, in which many unarmed innocent natives were killed by American soldiers, along with the harsh reservation system, have led to questions about the governments’ role in trying to get rid of the Native-Americans. • Genocide = killing a specific race of people (Holocaust)

16. Dawes Act - 1887, Congress passed legislation to attempt to “Americanize”native people - they offered individual natives American citizenship and land ownership if they would each leave the reservations and their tribes and live like other Americans - few natives took this offer

17. The Reservation - lands set aside by the Federal government for Native-American tribes to live on in peace - these lands often became harsh areas to live and much poverty existed there

18. Map of Native American Reservations today (red dot = Reservation)

19. Sectionalism As the years went by, areas of the nation, mainly the northern and southern sections, each began to develop separate identities, as well as varying wants and needs. This “sectionalism”, would prove to be the biggest test to the survival of the still young nation.

20. Divided America • The Industrial North: • Factories: • The factories produced as many products as any nation in the world • Urban Centers: • most northerners lived in industrial cities • the north’s population was the largest of any section of the nation • Transportation: • canals, roadways, and railroads developed in the north

21. Agrarian South Plantation System: • Large, slave-worked cash crop farms Cash Crop: • the economy of the south was based on the sale of cash crops – notably cotton • southern states depended on trade not only with northern states, but with Europe as well Slavery: • Plantation life was dependent on slave labor

22. Vs.

23. North use superior resources, technologies, and manpower divide the Confederacy – capture and control the Mississippi River blockade the southern ports – don’t let supplies into the Confederacy capture the capital - Richmond South attack, again and again, hoping to wear down the north’s will to win gain support from Great Britain and France, each dependent on southern cotton The Civil WarMilitary strategy of each side

24. Major Battles of the Civil War • Ft. Sumter: South Carolina troops took over the federal fort. • 1st Manassas (Bull Run): • the north thought it would be an easy victory and an end to a short war • the southern victory proved it would be a tougher fight, and longer war than expected • Monitor vs. Merrimack: • the first battle between iron clad gunboats • Antietam: • the first significant Northern victory – kept Great Britain and France from helping the South • had the most one-day casualties in the history of the United States • Gettysburg: • the turning point of the war – until this time, the South had, in general, been wining the war • the northern victory bolstered morale, and weakened the southern army • Appomattox: scene of the final moments of the war; Lee surrendered to Grant here.

25. The Home Front • Civil Liberties: • citizens in Washington, D.C. area were arrested and held without habeas corpus rights (not being told charges against them) • Lincoln felt threatened for potential espionage, and the courts were overwhelmed with cases • ex parte milligan: Supreme Court case – determines unlawful to hold persons without formal charges

26. Role of Women during Civil War • in both the North and South, women took the place of men in factories and on farms • many served as nurses in hospitals and near the battlefields • Clara Barton: • pioneering woman in the nursing field • founder of the American Red Cross

27. Role of African Americans • in the north, many took the place of white workers in the factories • after the Emancipation Proclamation, many in rushed to enlist and serve in the U.S. Army (54th Massachusetts Regiment)

28. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) • Scott, an African American, had lived for awhile with his owner in free Illinois • Later, his owner moved to Missouri, a slave state • He sued for his freedom claiming he was free because of his time in Illinois • Court Decisions: • The Supreme Court said Scott was not free because he was not a citizen, he was property

29. Role of Abraham Lincoln • Emancipation Proclamation: • Lincoln’s decision to free all persons in states that were still rebelling in January of 1863 • it changed the purpose of the war – from just about preserving the Union – to ending slavery as well • Gettysburg Address: • Lincoln’s short, but meaningful speech outlined the meaning and significance of the war: “Four score and seven years ago…”

30. Missouri Compromise - 1820 ISSUE The spread of slavery in the new territories • RESOLUTION • MO = slave state • ME = free state • 36°30’ = no slavery above • Return runaway slaves IMPACT Appeased N & S for 30 years

31. Compromise of 1850 ISSUE The spread of slavery in territories acquired during Mex/Am War • RESOLUTION • CA = free state • Fugitive Slave Act • Slave trade banned in D.C. • Texan borders established IMPACT Postponed Civil War for 10 years

32. Kansas/Nebraska Act ISSUE Slavery in Kansas and Nebraska • RESOLUTION • Repealed Missouri Compromise • Allowed for Popular Sovereignty IMPACT “Bleeding Kansas”