Unit1

1. Unit1

2. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Watch the video and answer the following questions. Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1 • What consequence would it be if the German took over the French navy? The German would control the Mediterranean, deprive Britain of its access to the Suez Canal, and cut off the British oil supplies, which would be disastrous. 2. What was Churchill’s plan if French did not accept his choices? Why would he do so? He ordered Admiral Somerville to bombard the French fleet in the port of Oran. He wanted to show the world and in particular the United States that Britain meant to fight on.

3. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement From Into the Storm Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2

4. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Churchill: Now that the French have surrendered, we must assume that their navy will soon be in German hand. That must not happen. We must keep control of the Mediterranean. Without access to the Suez Canal, our oil supplies will be cut off, which would of course be disastrous. I’ve told the French they must continue to fight, sail their ships to a British port, or scuttle the entire fleet. If they accept none of these choices, I’ve ordered Admiral Somerville, to bombard the French fleet in the port of Oran. We have to show the world, and in particular the United States, that we mean to fight on. Video Script1

5. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement World War II, or the Second World War, the most widespread war in history, lasted from 1939 to 1945 and involved most of the world’s nations which formed two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. Cultural information1 The war began on 1 September, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and Slovakia, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth.

6. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe. Britain and the Commonwealth remained the only major force continuing the fight against the Axis in North Africa and in extensive naval warfare. Churchill’s speech at Harrow as was adapted in the text was delivered in this historical context. Cultural information2

7. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 — 24 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII) and his success in leading his country from the brink of defeat to victory. He served as Prime Minister twice (1940 — 1945 and 1951 — 1955) and is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He is a noted statesman and orator, historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to have been recognized as an honorary citizen of the United States. Cultural information3

8. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Winston Churchill was born to an aristocratic family, with renowned ancestors and a politician father. As a prolific writer, he wrote a novel, two biographies, three volumes of memoirs, and several histories in addition to his many newspaper articles. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 “for his Cultural information4 mastery ofhistorical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”.

9. Structural analysis Rhetorical features This text is an inspiring speech made by Winston Churchill, Great Britain’s then Prime Minister, when he visited Harrow School on 29 October, 1941. The whole speech can be divided into three parts. Structural analysis Part I (Paragraph 1): Some opening remarks, in which Churchill summarized the events that had happened since his last visit to Harrow. Part II (Paragraphs 2 — 5): The body of the speech, in which Churchill drew the lessons to be learned from the past year.

10. Structural analysis Rhetorical features Structural analysis Part III (Paragraphs 6 — 8): The concluding part, in which, by changing a word in the additional verse of the school song, Churchill expressed his conviction that the entire nation was blessed with the chance to display its courage to the full in what was, as he elsewhere put it, its finest hour.

11. Structural analysis Rhetorical features As a representative piece of oration by the great orator Churchill, this speech was made eloquent and encouraging by employing many rhetorical devices. With generally short (in length) and simple (in structure) sentences, the message conveyed by the speech was highlighted by constant repetition, e.g. “Never, Never, Never” in the title, and strengthened by the use of antonyms, e.g. “ups/downs” and “short/long”. Rhetorical Features 1 Practice: Find more examples of repetition and pairs of antonyms in the speech.

12. Detailed reading NEVER GIVE IN, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER Winston Churchill 1 Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master’s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world — ups and downs, misfortunes — but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five Detailed reading 1

13. Detailed reading or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! 2 But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes months — if it takes years — they do it. Detailed reading 2

14. Detailed reading 3 Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “… meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same.” 4 You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes thingsout far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period — I am addressing Detailed reading3-4

15. Detailed reading myself to the school — surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never — in nothing, great or small, large or petty — never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated. Detailed reading4

16. Detailed reading • Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. • You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter — I wanted to do so last year, but I did not venture to. It is the line: “Not less we praise in darker days.” Detailed reading5-6

17. Detailed reading 7 I have obtained the Head Master’s permission to alter darker to sterner. “Not less we praise in sterner days.” 8 Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days. These are not dark days; these are great days — the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race. Detailed reading7-8

18. Detailed reading What was the difference between the present situation and the situation when Churchill came to Harrow School ten months ago? (Paragraph 1) Detailed reading1--Quesion Ten months ago, Britain was poorly armed, fighting alone, and faced with unmeasured menace of the enemy. Now, Britain was not that poorly armed, and the situation was improving.

19. Detailed reading What did Churchill mean by saying “we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough”? (Paragraph 2) Detailed reading2--Quesion By saying this he meant to make his audience fully aware that they should not only be able to fight and win short and quick battles but also be ready to fight and win hard and enduring wars.

20. Detailed reading Detailed reading3-4--Quesion What lesson had they learnt? (Paragraphs 3 — 4) The lesson learnt throughout the past ten months was that one should not be deceived by appearances and should never give in to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. With a combination of imagination and courage, the British people could overcome any kind of difficulties and smash any attack of the enemy.

21. Detailed reading Why did Churchill replace the word darker with sterner? (Paragraphs 7 — 8) Detailed reading7-8--Quesion Because he had a strong conviction of victory. The word darker carries a pessimistic tone, for it usually indicates “a period of unpleasant and frightening time” and implies hopelessness in a difficult period. But the word sterner, although it has the identical referent, suggests a time that is testing, but testing in a way that offers the British the opportunity to display their courage to the full.

22. Detailed reading Detailed reading8– Activity Group discussions Topic A: How does the speaker Churchill impress you in the speech? Does it contribute to your understanding of the WWII? Topic B: Have you learned anything from Churchill’s oration about making a powerful speech?

23. Detailed reading at your Head Master’s kind invitation at:in response to Detailed reading1– at your Head Master’s kind invitation 1 Collocations: at one’s invitation/request/suggestion, etc. e.g. A meeting was arranged at the ambassador’s request. At my suggestion, Mrs. Carey wrote to her former employer. Translation: 应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。 At the invitation of President Hu Jintao, President of the United States will pay a state visit to China. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

24. Detailed reading catastrophic:a. involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering Detailed reading1– catastrophic Synonym: disastrous Collocations: catastrophic floods/losses/effects/results Derivation: catastrophe n.

25. Detailed reading ups and downs:a mixture of good things and bad things Detailed reading1-- ups and downs e.g. Sitting beside the window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood. Translation: 从1999年建立以来，公司历经盛衰浮沉。 The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

26. Detailed reading position:situation at a particular time Detailed reading1-- position Synonym: situation It is time those companies revealed more about their financial position. Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up. e.g.

27. Detailed reading throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago:recollecting our meeting at Harrow School ten months ago Detailed reading2-- throwing our Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged in a great war against the Fascists. e.g.

28. Detailed reading Detailed reading3-- meet with meet with:experience; undergo Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure. Efforts to put the Russian space programme into market have met with little success. She was worried that he might have met with an accident. e.g.

29. Detailed reading ... imagination makes things out far worse ...: ... what one imagines tends to be worse than reality ... Detailed reading3-- imagination make out:see or understand e.g. How do you make that out (= what are your reasons for thinking that)? [+ wh-] I can’t make out what she wants. Paraphrase: I can’t make out how to put it back. I don’t know/understand how to put it back. ______________________________________

30. Detailed reading Detailed reading3-- far-reaching far-reaching: a.having important and widely applicable effects or implications Collocations: far-reaching consequences/implications/changes/reforms e.g. The consequences of the decision will be far-reaching. They decided to carry on far-reaching constitutional reforms.

31. Detailed reading conviction: n. Detailed reading5– conviction (1) a strong opinion or belief Collocations: political/moral convictions e.g. She was motivated by deep religious convictions. In face of difficulty, he held a conviction that all would be well in the end. (2) [U] the feeling or appearance of believing sth. strongly or of being sure about it e.g. He said he agreed but his voice lacked conviction. The leader’s speech in defense of the policy didn’t carry much conviction.

32. Detailed reading yield: v. yield (to sth./sb.):(formal or literary) give up control (of) Detailed reading5–yield surrender Synonym: e.g. After a long siege, the town was forced to yield. He reluctantly yielded to their demands. If the newly founded regime does not yield, it should face sufficient military force to ensure its certain defeat. I yielded to temptation and had a chocolate bar. Paraphrase: never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy never give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemy _________________________________________________

33. Detailed reading overwhelming: a.very great in amount Detailed reading5–overwhelming e.g. The evidence against him was overwhelming. She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth. Derivation: overwhelm: v. defeat or make powerless (usu. a group of people) by much greater force of numbers; e.g. to overwhelm the opposing army Translation: 压倒性的大多数表决反对这个提议。 An overwhelming majority voted against the proposal. _____________________________________________________________

34. Detailed reading persevere: v.continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no indication of success Detailed reading6– persevere Collocations: persevere (in sth. / in doing sth.); persevere (with sth./sb.) e.g. Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. She persevered with her violin lessons. Derivations: persevering a.; perseverance n.

35. Detailed reading compliment: v. politely congratulate or praise (sb.) for sth. Detailed reading7– compliment 1 Collocation: compliment sb. (on sth.) e.g. She complimented him on his excellent German. Comparison: compliment & complement These words have similar spellings but completely different meanings. If you compliment someone, you say something very nice to them. If one thing complements another, the two things work or look better because they are together.

36. Detailed reading Detailed reading7– compliment 2 Blank filling: A. The different flavors each other perfectly. B. She me on my English. complement ______________ complimented ________________

37. Detailed reading venture to do sth.:be brave enough to say sth. Detailed reading8– venture to do sth Collocations: venture sth.; venture to do sth.; venture + speech; venture that … e.g. She hardly dared to venture an opinion. She would never venture to ask for a raise. “And if I say no?” she ventured. Translation: 我小心翼翼地说她可能犯了个错误。 I ventured to suggest that she might have made a mistake. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

38. Detailed reading … you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull … (Paragraph 1) Detailed reading1– … you are beginning … Paraphrase: You are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period.

39. Detailed reading … appearances are often very deceptive … (Paragraph 3) Detailed reading3– … appearances … Paraphrase: Surface phenomena tend to be misleading.

40. Detailed reading … but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. (Paragraph 4) Detailed reading3– … but then … Paraphrase: They wish to be equipped with excessive courage to accomplish or realize this effective and influential blueprint.

41. Detailed reading ... our account was closed ... (Paragraph 4) Detailed reading10–... our account … Rhetorical device and explanation: Here the author uses a metaphor of “opening/closing a bank account” to mean that Britain is regarded by many as doomed and completely defeated by the enemy. The word “liquidated” in the next sentence implies the same. Originally, it means to close a business and sell everything it owns, usually in order to pay money that is owed.

42. Detailed reading Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. (Paragraph 5) Detailed reading11– Britain other … Explanation: This sentence uses metaphor for rhetorical effects. It means that, although it was believed our country had been virtually wiped out, we were in fact still holding out and shouldered the responsibility in isolation. draw a sponge across her slate: a metaphor, meaning to completely wipe out stand in the gap: to expose one’s self for the protection of sth., take the place of a fallen defender e.g. At the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap.

43. Detailed reading ... we have only to persevere to conquer. (Paragraph 5) Detailed reading11– we have only … Paraphrase: We have no choice but to hold on until victory comes. Translation: 我们别无选择，只有坚持不懈，直到胜利。

44. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing Consolidation Activities- Vocabulary main Word derivation Phrase practice Synonym / Antonym

45. ____ _________ Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a word or phrase from the text in its appropriate form. Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 1 1)She wouldn’t want to them the suffering of a huge ceremony. put through 2) The famous orator the public to promote his newly published book. _______________________ addressed himself to was going through 3) At that time, South Africa a period of big events as the Blacks fought for equality. ____________________

46. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing Consolidation Activities- put sb. through sth. put sb. through sth.: make sb. experience sth. very difficult or unpleasant e.g. 你最近让你的家人受了不少苦。 You have put your family through a lot recently.

47. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing Consolidation Activities- address oneself to address oneself to:(formal) think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it e.g. 我们必须要致力于解决交通污染问题。 We must address ourselves to the problem of traffic pollution.

48. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing Consolidation Activities- go through go through:experience or suffer sth. e.g. 我钦佩她经历了那么多苦难以后，依然这样开朗快乐。 I admire the way she’s still so cheerful after all she’sgone through.

49. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing 1) catastrophe n. → catastrophic a. → catastrophically ad. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.1 e.g. 那场地震是个大灾难，夺去了许多人的生命。 战争的灾难性后果很快显现出来。 关键时刻，预警系统灾难性地崩溃了。 The earthquake was a major catastrophe, causing heavy loss of life. The catastrophic consequences of the war soon unfolded. The Warning System catastrophically collapsed at that critical moment.

50. Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skills Oral activities Writing 2)deceive v. → deceptive a. → deceptively ad. → deception n. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.2 他们骗她在文件上签了字。 外表往往是靠不住的。 房子从外面看起来很小（实际上很大）。 他通过欺骗手段获取了那份资产。 e.g. They deceived her into signing the paper. Appearances can often be deceptive. The house looks deceptively small from the outside. He obtained that property by deception.