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The Energy – Water Nexus Changing the Future of Texas

October 10, 2013. The Energy – Water Nexus Changing the Future of Texas. Texas Alliance of Energy Producers. Energy, Air and Water A Comprehensive Study of the Issues of Today. Les Shephard Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute University of Texas at San Antonio.

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The Energy – Water Nexus Changing the Future of Texas

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  1. October 10, 2013 The Energy – Water Nexus Changing the Future of Texas Texas Alliance of Energy Producers Energy, Air and Water A Comprehensive Study of the Issues of Today Les Shephard Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute University of Texas at San Antonio

  2. Water Water Everywhere! Water Treatment is Expensive ….. So….. What is the Problem? AND Energy Intensive!

  3. Energy – Water NexusA Global Context World Electricity Demand World Population Future Freshwater Needs Billions of kilowatt-hours Millions of Megaliters Withdrawn Billions Courtesy IEEE Spectrum, July 2010

  4. Our Water Future Will Rely on Non -Traditional Water Resources Major Inland Brackish Water Resources Produced Water From Oil and Natural Gas Production Gas Production Oil Production U.S. Saline “Brackish” Aquifers Mixed Production Dry Wells Our Energy Future Will Also! Source: Mast, et al., 1998, (on left); USGS, (on right)

  5. Today The Future Conventional Treatment Sea Water Reverse Osmosis Brackish Nano- filtration Brackish Reverse Osmosis Growing Demand for Non-Traditional Water Resources 20 Projected Water Use of Non-Traditional Water (BGD) Waste Water Reuse Power Requirements For Treating Desalination 15 10 5 2000 2020 1990 2010 Year • Desalincreasing ~ 10% per year • Waste water reuse increasing ~ 15% per year ……. AND Growing! Sources: EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003; Einfeld 2007

  6. The U.S. Energy Future The Energy – Water – Carbon “Trifecta” 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Open Loop Cooling Closed Loop Cooling US Electricity Generation By Source COAL Renewables 9 % Carbon (Kilograms per Kilowatt-Hour) NATURAL GAS Closed Loop Cooling GEOTHERMAL NUCLEAR SOLAR THERMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC HYDROELECTRIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 WIND Water Consumed (Liters per Kilowatt-Hour) Source: Lux Research, June 2009 Global Energy: Unshackling Carbon from Water

  7. Water Challenges are Complex and Highly Interdependent Energy Competing Sectors Water Supply • Secure • Reliable • Demand Economic Prosperity • Growth • Productivity • Development • Cost Technology Innovation Regulatory/Policy Framework Environmental Stewardship • Endangered Species • Land Use • Water Life Cycle Climate (Drought) Infrastructure All Three Imperatives Must Be Addressed!!

  8. Public Supply Industrial Livestock 14% 6% 2% Irrigation 39% Thermoelectric Power 39% Freshwater Withdrawal by Sector* (~ 345 BGD in US) Source: USGS Circular 1268, March 2004 * *Does not include hydropower

  9. Freshwater Consumption by Sector (~ 100 BGD) Freshwater Consumption Non-Ag Sector Consumption Livestock Domestic 3.3% 7.1% Non-Ag Irrigation 16.1% 80.6% Industrial Commercial 3.3% 1.2% Thermoelectric Mining 3.3% 1.2% Energy Accounts for ~ 27 Percent of Non-Agricultural Fresh Water Consumption Source: USGS, 1998

  10. The Nexus in Texas! Texas Consumes ~ 157 Billion Gallons of Water to Produce ~ 400 Billion kWh Annually – More Than Any Other State! A Diversified Energy – Water Portfolio Is Key San AntonioIs Charting Its Future! Water Demand Electricity Demand CPS Energy Sources AND …… Texas Electricity and Water Demand Projected to Increase! SAWS Sources Source: Report on the Capacity, Demand, and Reserves in the ERCOT Region, May 2010; CPS Energy - SAWs Energy Water Nexus, April 2011; Texas Water Development Board

  11. Strategic Move Toward Recycled Water Water Use by CPS Energy - 1962 to 2010 Total groundwater used Total surface water used Creating a Sustainable Energy – Water Future! 1500 MW of Renewable Energy Generation  100 MW Non-Wind Generation  AMI and Smart Grid Roll-out 64,000 acre-feet (21 Billion Gallons) 18,000 acre-feet (6 Billion Gallons) Increasing Energy Efficiency Will Further Reduce Water Use 2020 Cumulative WaterReduction Impact CPS Energy 2020 Vision Goal Acre Feet Years Courtesy CPS Energy - SAWs Energy Water Nexus, April 2011

  12. The Nexus in Texas It Ain’t A Line Dance! Location of “Fracing” Sites – 2005 to 2009 Percentage of Water Wells Related to Oil and Gas (est.) National Drought Mitigation Center NOAA USDA TCEQ – Office of Water SOURCES Leonard Dougal – Jackson Walker New York Times – Citing UT Bureau Economic Geology IHS Database

  13. “Shale Production” “Contributing To A Low Carbon, Energy - Water Future?” Water Technology Innovation and Data Are Critical Sustainable Development Is Critical Water Supply – Economic Prosperity – Responsible Environmental Stewardship • Water Treatment Innovation – low energy and low water consumption • technologies – improved membranes, “waterless fracing”, “smart • technologies”, selective water use, etc • Efficacy of Water Reuse is dependent on water quantity, water quality and • flow duration. Economics will likely drive decision AND overall • water strategy • Water Data are sparse, error-prone and inconsistent across US – make it • a priority AND readily available! • “Value of Water” strategy - Considers costs of reuse treatment, energy, • transport, concentrate disposal VERSUS direct disposal and trucking. • Roads, emissions, safety, etc. are externalities. Recognize not all fluids are • treatable – coupled with regional water strategy • Water Life Cycle Systems Analyses – promote sustainable development • through systems analyses focused on the “Long View” for water – fresh • and brackish Source: EIA, March 2010

  14. Energy and Water are Inextricably Linked! Water For Energy Energy For Water Water Production, Processing, Distribution, and End-use Require Energy Energy and Power Production Require Water • Thermoelectric Cooling • Hydropower • Energy Minerals Extraction and Mining • Fuel Production (Fossil Fuels, H2, Biofuels) • Emission Control • Pumping • Conveyance and Transport • Treatment • Use Conditioning • Surface and Groundwater With Sufficiently Abundant, Clean and Affordable Our Problems Can Be Solved Energy Water Energy Water

  15. Eagle Ford Shale – Keeping The Lights On …. AND ….. Hopefully the Water Running!! Picture courtesy of Dr. Tom Tunstall – Institute for Economic Development - UTSA http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130328005282/en/UTSA-Releases-Updated-Eagle-Ford-Shale-Economic

  16. Educating Tomorrow’s America --- Today! The University of Texas at San Antonio

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