Trench Foot

2. Trench Foot • Causes: • Cold and wet feet • Constricting footwear • Excessive sweating • Long hours of exposure Imagine… You’ve been standing in the trenches for 11 hours. Your shoes, socks, and feet are completely soaked through. There is no way to get them dry. • Symptoms or Characteristics: • Numbness • Red or blue color • Strong odor • Swelling • Open sores • Blisters • Severe Pain

3. Prevention: • Keeping feet warm and dry • Changing socks frequently • Regular foot inspections • Whale grease • Constant movement • Tall boots that are at least 1 size too large Trench Foot May result in: Amputation Gangrene Frost bite vs Trench Foot If treated properly, the patient with trench foot can be cured completely. • Treatment: • Open air • Rest in bed • Application of alcohol • Gentle massage of olive oil

4. Amputations • 4,000 United States soldiers had amputations. • 41,000 men in the British army lost at least one limb. • Majority of these amputations came from bombing on the battlefield. • Pain and infection were great risks of amputations during this time. • By 1918, amputation treatment improved and the infection rate decreased. • Symbolism of Amputees • They received a lot of attention during the war. • Missing limbs were a badge of honor and bravery. • Unfortunately after the war, amputees were thrown into the category of disabled people.

5. Artificial Limbs • Because the soldiers lost a limb in the army, they were allowed an artificial limb. • Many men were losing limbs and hospitals were running out of room so they opened Roehampton for men to be fitted with good quality limbs. • By 1918, limb quality improved using a light metal alloy. • Veterans were then able to attend limb training classes (which they weren’t able to attend before 1918) and they were given a spare limb. "Medicine at War." Making the Modern World. ISB Fund, 2004. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. "In Praise of Prosthetics." Life.com. Life Magazine, 12 Feb. 2002. Web. 7 Jan. 2012.

6. Life in the Trenches Rats and Lice • The rats would devour on human remains, disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver. Those rats could grow to the size of a cat. • Lice would breed in the seams of their dirty clothing, which caused the men to itch all the time. • Even when clothing was periodically washed lice eggs would still be hidden in the seams of their clothes. When re-worn the body heat would cause the eggs to hatch. • Lice caused Trench Fever, which is a painful disease that began suddenly with severe pain followed by high fever. It took up to twelve weeks to recover. • Food and Smell • Mostly their food came from tins or packets or was salted for preservation. There was a daily allowance of rum to those on the frontline, and also cigarette and tobacco rations regularly. • The smell was horrid. There was the smell of rotting carcasses, overflowing latrines, men who hadn’t had a bath, smell of creosol or chloride of lime it was used to help kill the threat of disease, and lingering odor of poison gas. • Angel and olivia

7. Anthony Weeks & Victoria Collins How was mustard gas used? • Mustard gas was introduced by Germany in 1917. It was delivered by artillery shells striking the ground. When the gas was released it stayed low to the ground. This made it almost impossible to escape. The gas stayed active once sprayed for an extended amount of time. Sometimes it would stay on the battlefield for months at a time. The colder the weather the longer it stayed.

8. Health effects of Mustard Gas Anthony Weeks & Victoria Collins • The use of Mustard gas was a long and painful demise of the victim. It burnt the skin, hurt the eyes, induced vomiting, attacked the bronchial tubes/lungs, caused bleeding, and blisters on the skin. It took a long time to die from. Because it was almost odorless, soldiers would be affected without knowing. It took 12 hours to show effects.

9. Life in the Trenches Chores, Trench Cycle, and Boredom • Some chores would be refilling of sandbags, the repair of the duckboards on the floor of the trench, the draining of trenches, repair or adding barbed wire to the front line, and prepare latrines. • Trench Cycle: 1 hour before dawn with the morning "stand to" the men were roused from sleep and sent to the "fire step". Many raids were carried out at dawn by both sides. • They usually served eight days on the font line, then four days in the reserve trench. Then a four-day resting period from the trenches. This system wasn't always followed when there was a shortage of men. • Boredom: Since each side's front line was constantly under watch by snipers and look-outs during the daytime, movement was restricted until night time. So when they were done with their assigned tasks they were free to reading and writing letters to and from home. They also tried to catch some sleep.

10. Shellshock By: Justina Uwa & Andrea Adegoke 4th period English

11. Shellshock • Shell shock started in World War I • Shell shock is also know has post-traumatic stress. Shell shock is define has a psychological disorder that develops in some individuals who have had major traumatic experiences in the War. The Early symptoms are: • Depression • Excessive irritability (Irritability is a state of extreme sensitivity to stimulation of any kind) • Guilt • Recurrent nightmares • Flashbacks to traumatic scene • Overreaction to sudden noise giddiness, • lack of concentration • headaches. *Note that a person is numb at first but later has these symptoms

12. Shellshock • Over 80,000 troops of British experience shell shock in World War one. • The name came from the idea that a shell in the brain would burst, creating a vacuum. As the vacuum is filled up with air it disturbs the cerebral fluid which stops the brain from functioning properly. • The symptoms caused some soldiers to commit suicide or disobey their commanders orders.

13. The spring of 1918 • Many soldiers in the trenches of France became very ill all of a sudden • Symptoms where like sore throats, headaches, and loss of appetite. But they recovered very quickly, they nicknamed it “three-day fever” • It took time to figure out what it was , they predicted it was another strand of the influenza • As time progressed the severity of this new flu got worse in the summer • About a fifth of the victims developed bronchial Pneumonia most died. • Or developed heliotrope cyanosis. People with this died within a couple days . • By the end of the summer the flu spread into Germany killing 400,000 civilians . • Streets were sprayed with chemicals and people wore anti-germ masks . • Some factories even changed their non-smoking because they though that the smoke killed the virus. • Dajuan and kamara

14. Treatments • Aspirin • Epinephrine-pneumonia • Salicin-reduce pain and the infectivity of the people that had it • Wore face masks • Cinnamon powder with milk remedies to lower body temperatures • Doctors told patients to stay in bed and drink plenty of fluids • Porage/oatmeal • Dajuan and kamara

15. Advancements In Weaponry WW1 By: Liban Abdikarim, Alec Justason, and Homam Habta

16. Small Arms of WWI • Before World War 1, waves of soldiers were used to attack the enemy • The implementation of the machine gun being the most important • With the expansion of the machine gun, smaller squads and platoons became essential to the war • The Lewis Gun and the BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle) were the most important of these small arms. Browning Automatic Rifle Lewis Machine Gun

17. Air Warfare Advancements • The first fighter planes weren’t so different from the Wright Brothers invention a few years earlier • Pilots used hand held pistols and even throwing mechanisms • Eventually advancements allowed pilots to fire at each using mounted machine guns • Airplanes were essential because they allowed the enemy to gather intelligence on the opposition’s position and bomb strategic sites as well Famous German Zeppelin Bomber The Fokker Triplane

18. Artillery • With the advancement of airplanes came the advancement of artillery as well • These advancements included • Anti-Air Craft guns • Ground-exploding Shells • Improved techniques • Box Barrage • Also, the majority of casualties in World War 1 were from artillery fire A German FK 16 Field Gun

19. TheChristmasMiracle: Dec. 1914 • In December of 1914, there was not only a sense of holiday cheer in the air. There was also an unspoken time of peace between the warring German and British. • During the week leading up to that Christmas day, the opposing sides allowed themselves bask in the holiday spirit. They sang carols and exchanges gifts. The fell into a time where the dominating mood was “live and let live”. • The rivals allowed the each other to collect their fallen comrades. Some soldiers from both sides even engaged in friendly games of football (soccer). • However, in other areas the enemies continued to fire at each other. The commanders thought the “silent truce” to be dangerous for the soldiers to let their guard down with the enemy so close.

20. PUBLICS REACTION • The publics initial reaction was one of wonderment and joy. • The truce was also viewed as useful because it was being used to bury the dead. • They did however understand that it was only good for a short period of time before the fighting resumed. • Some people did oppose the truce. • An anonymous journalist trashed it by saying “Fie on ye, Scotsmen! There is not much of the boasted Highland Pride left in you when you would sell it for a German souvenir!”

21. The Two sides of The truce of 1914 Germans • Germans placed tiny Christmas trees out and decorated their trenches with lights and sang “Silent Night, Holy Night http://pattyinglishms.hubpages.com/hub/Christmas-in-a-War-Zone British • The British responded by singing “O Come All Ye Faithful”

23. Entente Casualties • Casualties of World War I were divided into three categories - those killed in action (KIA), those wounded in action (WIA), and those missing in action (MIA). • Among the Entente Powers: • Great Britain : 886,939 deaths, or about 2.19% of the population. • Russian Empire: 1,811,000 deaths, or about 1.89% of the population. • Serbia: 275,000 deaths, or about 16.11% of the population. • United States: 116,708 deaths, or about .13% of the population • Total Casualties • 5,525,000 Killed • 12,831,500 Wounded. • 4,121,000 Missing in Action. 32% of deaths in the Entente powers were of Russian Troops. Mike Edmundson & AkhilAcharya

24. Central Powers Casualties • Among the Central Powers: • Germany: 2,476,897 deaths, or 3.82% of the population • Austro-Hungary: 1,567,000 deaths, or 3.05% of the population • Ottomans: 771,000 deaths, or 3.72% of the population • Bulgaria: 187,500 deaths, or 3.41% of the population • Total Casualties • 4,386,000 killed • 8,388,000 wounded • 3,629,000 missing • Total Casualties (MIA, KIA, WIA) : 16,403,000 52% of all deaths in the Central Powers were of Russian Troops • Mike Edmundson & AkhilAcharya

25. Also known as Homing Pigeons. • Over 100,000 were used in the WWI with an astonishing success rate of 95%. • A message is written on thin light paper and rolled into a small tube and attached to the bird's leg. • homing pigeons navigate by following roads and other man-made features, making 90 degree turns and following habitual routes, much the same way that humans navigate. • Pigeons can detect a magnetic field to help them find their way home. • Famous one – Cher Ami. Carrier Pigeons

26. Carrier Pigeons • Regular post-mail was unreliable during the time of WW1 so pigeons and dogs were the only reliable resource for mail • They were usually sent from the front lines to carry reports back to the headquarters • Typically used to report out battle field actions • The pigeons were trained to only fly to/from known positions (ex: frontline to the rear line) • Pigeons were also carried on the warships in case radio breaks down for back-up communication • Pigeons during the war had to be very fast and strong to be able to avoid getting shot by the enemies • German soldiers would send hawks or falcons to kill the carrier pigeons because it was almost impossible to shoot carrier pigeons.

27. Trench WarfareBY HILLARY JAMIESON & ASHLEY BURGER • Started during World War I • Was a form of fortification consisting of parallel rows of trenches. • The Front Line: • First line of defense. • Faced the enemy. • The second line: • Also called “Reserve Trenches” or “Support Trenches”. • Second line of defense. There was sometimes a third line of defense.

28. There were three tactics used to attack trenches. Trench Warfare • Bombardment: • Used shells to destroy the communication trenches as well as the front line. • This did not often work, though. • Creeping Barrage: • Fired guns and shells. • The idea was to scare the Germans from coming out of the trenches. • Digging tunnels: • The idea was to reach the enemy without being seen. • Lead to battles underground.

29. Tanks • Place of origin is the United Kingdom. • First Used on September 15, 1916. • Was developed by Great Britain and France. • Tanks are a tracked, armored fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat. By: Maya Ryan & Brenda Wambua

30. Tanks in World War 1 • 1st tank was Little Willie. • Tanks were made to break the deadlock of trench warfare. • These tanks did not achieve its goal because of piecemeal deployments, mechanical problems, and poor mobility. By: Maya Ryan & Brenda Wambua