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Fundamental constants. Time Variation. and their. H. Fritzsch LMU / MPI Munich. Fundamental constants. Particles Nuclei Atoms Lasers Solid State Physics Astrophysics Cosmology. Outline.
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Fundamental constants Time Variation and their H. Fritzsch LMU / MPI Munich
Fundamental constants • Particles • Nuclei • Atoms • Lasers • Solid State Physics • Astrophysics • Cosmology
Outline Standard Model32 Fundamental ConstantsFine-structure ConstantOklo PhenomenonQuark MassesTime Variation of Fine-structure ConstantGrand UnificationPrediction for Quantum OpticsExperiment at MPQ
Particle Physics gauge theories
1935 W. Heisenberg W. Pauli minimal interaction
Hermann Weyl: electromagnetic interaction has local gauge symmetry U(1) - phase rotations QED gauge theory
- 1950 Feynman Schwinger QED: renormalizable
1954 Non-Abelian Gauge TheoryWolfgang PauliChen Ning Yang – Robert MillsRonald Shaw ( ph.d. - student of Tom Kibble )
weak interactions 1957: W-bosons W J. Schwinger
since 1964: electroweak gauge theory
SU(2)xU(1) weak interactions electromagnetism neutral current CERN 1972
SU(2) x U(1) Glashow, Salam - Ward, Weinberg 1964-1968
Strong Interactions proton mass masses of nuclei
strong interactions e Quarks
1971 q=> q q q r g b SU(3) c
b r g
1972 QCD Fritzsch Gell-Mann
1973: Standard Model SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)
problem ===> 32 fundamental constants
32 Fundamental constants number of space dimensions 1number of time dimensions 1number of colors 1number of families 1Newtons constant G 1 fine structure constant 1coupling constant of strong interaction 1coupling constant of weak interaction 1mass of W boson 1mass of Higgs boson 1masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 flavor mixing of quarks 4flavor mixing of leptons 6 - 32
32 (22 related to fermion masses)
Fundamental constants Determined by Dynamics?Changing in Time? . . . . . . .
Fundamental constants Cosmic Accidents?
Cosmic accidents? Universe => Multiverse
Arnold Sommerfeld, 1916 fine-structure constant
fine-structure constant =0.00729735253 ~1/137
unifiying electrodynamics, relativity, quantum theory
Solvay Sommerfeld Planck, Lorentz, Curie, Rutherford, Poincare, Einstein
Leon Lederman 137 Eola Road
137 how little we know Feynman:
QED: Most successful theory in science. Merging of electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and special relativity.Renormalizable theory, tested up to 1:10 000 000(Lamb shift, hyperfine splitting, magnetic moments)
Quantum Field Theory: Finestructure constant becomes function of energy or scale due to quantum fluctuations of electron-positron pairs => partial screening of bare charge of the electron at distances less than the compton wavelength of the electron
partial screening - - - + - - - - - charge gets larger at high energy
ALEPH LEP / LHC L3 Alice CMS SPS ATLAS OPAL DELPHI LHCb LEP: e+e– Kollisionen 1989 – 2000 LHC: p–p Kollisionen ab 2007 Europäisches Zentrum für Teilchenphysik CERN / Genf LEP
LEP: ~ 1/127 agrees with theory
Oklo Phenomen About 1.8 billion years ago, in Gabon, Westafrika. Natural Reactor, which operated about 100 million years. High concentration of uranium 3.7% U 235 at that time (today 0.72 %) Moderator: water from river Oklo
Geological Situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors1. Nuclear reactor zones2. Sandstone3. Uranium ore layer4. Granite
Discovered in the 1970ties by french nuclear physicists It was found: Uranium 235 less that the normal rate Normally: 0.720 % ==further investigation Natural reactor
Shlyakhter, Dyson and Damour (1996) samarium Neutron Capture Sm(149) + n =>Sm(150) + gamma cross section about 57 … 93 kb very large cross section due to nuclear resonance just above threshold: E=0.0973 eV Resonance position cannot have changed much. Change less than 0.1 eV => constraint on elm. interaction: alpha(Oklo)-alpha(now)/alpha <1/10 000 000 Dyson, Damour
-16 Change of alpha per year must be less than per year (if no other parameters change) ==>constraint questionable 10