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The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1890s-1947)

The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1890s-1947). The Dreyfus Case, 1894. Capt. Alfred Dreyfus. Emile Zola. Zionism. GOALS : The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860-1904.

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The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1890s-1947)

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  1. The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1890s-1947)

  2. The Dreyfus Case, 1894 Capt. Alfred Dreyfus Emile Zola

  3. Zionism • GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine. • Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl1860-1904

  4. 1st Zionist Conference, 1897 • Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896. • Met in Basel, Switzerland. • Creates the 1st Zionist Congress. • Becomes an international Jewishorganization. • “Next Year in Jerusalem!”

  5. The Ottoman Empire in WW1

  6. The Middle East in 1914

  7. T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935] “Lawrence of Arabia,”The Legend Begins

  8. Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915 ....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn Ali,Sharif of Mecca

  9. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

  10. The British & Arab Armies Meet British Forces Lawrence & Faisal’s Forces

  11. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine… Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary

  12. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians 1.5 million: Shadow of Future Horrors to Come!

  13. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

  14. Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

  15. The League of Nations Mandates

  16. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! • Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan. • Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions]. • The House of Saud  put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia. • The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran. • Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

  17. Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

  18. Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”(1881-1938)

  19. Ataturk’s Reform Program • Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara. • Secularism  Qur’an in Turkish translation. • Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code. • Westernization & nationalism: • Compulsory, secular education. • Banning the fez. • Western [Roman] script. • Western clothing. • Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

  20. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! • First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908. • Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia. • Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British. • Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. • In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

  21. Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!” • American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929. • In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia. • ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

  22. Rezah Khan (1877-1944) • an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921. • declared himself SHAH in1925. • created the Pahlavi Dynasty. • ruled from 1925-1941. • initiated some modern reforms. • forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

  23. Reforms in Iran • Secularization  seizure of religious lands. • Adoption of the French civilcode. • Built the Trans-IranianRailroad. • Improved education.

  24. The Middle East Between the Wars

  25. Essential Question: How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews & the Arabs in the Middle East today?

  26. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

  27. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 • In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine. • By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew. The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”

  28. British Mandate in PalestineCreatedJuly, 1922

  29. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System • First one founded in 1908. • Communal living. • “Make the DesertBloom!”

  30. 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”]

  31. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 Their Goals: • An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. • An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners. • A new “generalrepresentative government.” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

  32. The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

  33. British White Paper of 1939 • Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years. • It ended Jewish landpurchases. • Independence forPalestine within 10 years. • It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

  34. The “Arab Legion” of theBritish Army During WW2

  35. The “Jewish Brigade” of theBritish Army During WW2

  36. Hitler’s“FinalSolution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

  37. Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

  38. The Nazi Holocaust • 6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

  39. Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

  40. Aliyah Bet • Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. • The Exodus, 1947.

  41. British “Detention” Campsin Cyprus : 1946-1948

  42. Jewish “Freedom Fighters”(or “Terrorists”?) Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military Org.] Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang

  43. U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

  44. Israel Becomes a Nation:May 14, 1948 Chaim Weizmann,1st President David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister

  45. War Begins!: May 15, 1948

  46. Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

  47. Armistice Signed, 1949

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