Traders

1. Traders Chartered Companies Imperial British East Africa Company- IBEAco British South African Company- De beers Royal Niger Company Liverpool Brothers and Jaja of Opobo German East Africa Company Companies involved in exploitation of resources

2. French & British Activities • Building of Suez- link Mediterranean and Red Sea • Use of Red Sea as shorter route to India • British & French traders both in Egypt • Bankruptcy of Egypt under Khedive Ishmael • Britain takes control of Suez 1875 • Fashoda crisis: • General H. H. Kitchener vs. • Captain J. P. Marchand • French's Pin prick policy • Leopold and Congo

3. Reasons for Scramble 1)Economic • Raw materials • Minerals • New Market • Cheap labor 2)Strategic Concerns Suez canal Nile Valley Congo basin Cape region- British to use its navy in both Atlantic and Indian ocean 3)Nationalism- rise on new nations 4) Political- balance of power & legacy 5) Moral Imperatives i) social Darwinism might is right ii) Social Atavism iii) Evangelical Christianity

4. The Berlin Conference • Nov 1884-Feb 1885 • Aim: avoid conflict and lay down rules for annexation • Otto von Bismarck • 14 powers met • 7 powers rushed to Africa 1)Britain 2)Germany 3)France 4)Italy 5)Belgium 6)Portugal 7)Spain

5. Terms of the Conference • Free trade in major rivers • Stopping of Slave Trade • Respect of treaties signed by Africa leaders • Principal of Effective occupation • Economic control