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Hinduism

Hinduism. Founding. No single founder No single sacred text Vedas – primary text containing hymns, incantations, and recitations Upanishads – collection of philosophical texts Bhagavad Gita – one of the Upanishads; considered the best summary of Vedic thought

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Hinduism

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  1. Hinduism

  2. Founding • No single founder • No single sacred text • Vedas – primary text containing hymns, incantations, and recitations • Upanishads – collection of philosophical texts • Bhagavad Gita – one of the Upanishads; considered the best summary of Vedic thought • Grew out of a combination of various groups: • Ancient religion of the Indus River Valley civilization + Brahmanism of the Aryan invaders

  3. Brahman • God is one, but is known by many names • Everything in the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful force called Brahman • Brahman is too complex for most people to understand • People worship gods that give a concrete form to Brahman

  4. Gods • One “god” (Brahman) represented by millions of deities • Monotheistic or Polytheistic? • Guru – spiritual guide

  5. Brahma the Creator

  6. Vishnu the Preserver

  7. Shiva the Destroyer

  8. Life • The ultimate goal of a Hindu is to attain moksha, or union with Brahman • Since this usually takes more than one lifetime, Hindus believe in reincarnation (“transmigration of the soul”) • Reincarnation: rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

  9. Other Beliefs • Karma: Your good or bad deeds affect your future, and the future of those around you • Dharma: religious duties that help one acquire merit for the next life • Ahimsa: nonviolence – another key principle of Hinduism

  10. Diwali • Festival of Lights • Four days of celebration in late Fall/early Winter • Largest holiday for Hindus

  11. Holi • Celebration of Light • Welcoming the Spring (March)

  12. Caste System • All existence is ranked: • Brahman • Humans • Animals • Plants • Things • This leads to the creation of a social Caste System in India

  13. Buddhism

  14. Siddhartha Gautama • Hindu from the foothills of the Himalayas • Born around 566 BCE into a royal Kshatryiafamily • Raised in a lavish, protected environment

  15. The Buddha • When he saw for the first time a sick person, an old person, and a dead person he left a happy married life to discover the realm of life “where there is neither suffering nor death” • Meditated for 48 days in one place and he believed he understood the cure for suffering and sorrow

  16. The Four Noble Truths • The heart of Buddhism • All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow. • The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. • The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. • The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path.

  17. The Eightfold Path • Right views • Right aspirations • Right speech • Right conduct • Right livelihood • Right effort • Right mindfulness • Right contemplation Dharma Wheel

  18. The goal of Buddhists is to reach enlightenment, or nirvana, which means union with the universes and release from the cycle of rebirth

  19. Branches • The Buddha’s teaching spread from northern India and was gathered into the Tripitaka • Two schools of thought: • Theravada Buddhism: closely follow Buddha’s original teaching • Mahayana Buddhism: made following Buddhism easier for ordinary people

  20. Holidays • Vesakha – The Buddha’s birthday (first full moon in May) • Public holiday • People attend temple to hear sermons, practice meditation and honor the Buddha with various ceremonies

  21. Buddhism in India • Hindus incorporated the Buddha into their religion, making the Buddha another Hindu god (an “avatar” of Brahman) • Because of this, Buddhism declined in India but is popular in many other Asian countries

  22. Percentage of cultural/nominal adherents of combined Buddhism with its related religions (according to the highest estimates)

  23. Hinduism vs. Buddhism • Similar: • Karma • Dharma • Moksha • Reincarnation • Different: • Buddhism rejects the priests of Hinduism, the formal rituals, and the caste system • Buddha urged people to seek enlightenment through meditation

  24. Jainism • Origins traced to the Indus River Valley civilization of 3000 BCE • Stress spiritual independence and equality of all life – strict vegetarianism and respect for all living things • Ahimsa (nonviolence) and self-control are vital for attaining moksha (realization of the soul’s true nature) • Like Buddhism, it arose as a protest against the ritualism of Hinduism

  25. Sikhism • Founded in 1469 CE at a time when India was being torn apart by castes and religious factions • Grew out of a combination of Hinduism & Islam • Respect all religions; one God and many paths • God = Truth (“SatNam”) • Located primarily in the Punjab region

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