2. What are the US Bill of Rights? The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution .

1. 1. What is a human right?Freedoms you are granted because you are human that should not be taken away by the government. 2. What are the US Bill of Rights?The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. 3. Which rights are granted in the US Constitution?Freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly, right to bear arms and militia, freedom from quartering of soldiers, freedom of unwarranted search and seizure, individual debt and double jeopardy, right to a speedy trial, witnesses, and accusations, right to a jury trial, freedom from excessive bail, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment • What is the Universal Declaration on Human Rights? • Document written by the UN in response to the atrocities of WWII to explain the rights that should be granted to all humans.

2. 5. What are the causes of conflict? Fundamentalism, nationalism, economics, politics, and religion • Define nationalism: • The desire of a group of people to have a homeland to govern. • Which current groups have nationalistic plans? • Cabinda, Palestine, Kurdistan, Basque • Define fundamentalism: • Return to traditional religious beliefs. • Which groups would be considered fundamentalist? • al-Qaeda, Taliban, Hamas, Ultra-Orthodox, LRA

3. Define totalitarian government: • Government in which one individual has complete power. • What is the United Nations? What is its goal? • An organization made up of almost all of the world’s countries. It is a place where member nations can work to make the world a better place. The goal is world peace an a better life for humans. • What are some pros and cons of the United Nations? • Pros: feed the hungry, educate women and children, promote human rights, combat disease, and give member nations a place to work out problems. • Cons: too big, too expensive, some countries (including the US) have much more power than other nations. No authority to enforce referendums.

4. What type of government does the US have? • Federal republic • Which current world conflicts could be considered religious conflicts? (at least part of the conflict is religious – very few have only one cause) • Al-Qaeda, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Ireland, Palestine 15. Which current world conflicts could be considered economic conflicts? (at least part of the conflict is religious – very few have only one cause) Palestine, Sudan, Korea, Naxolist India, Peru, Mexican Drug War, Colombia • How are the world’s resources divided? • Unevenly divided. This is why some countries have resources and some do not.

5. Dislike for US influence on women in a society would be an example of which cause of conflict? • fundamentalism • The Cold War is an example of which cause of conflict? • politics • The US embargo against Cuba is an example of which cause of conflict? • politics

6. Christianity - largest of the world’s religions. holy book divided into Old and New Testament Judaism - Started by the Hebrews and follow the Kashrut dietary laws, Sabbath is from sundown on Friday to Sundown on Saturday Islam - Follow the teachings of Mohammed, worship in a mosque, adhere to the 5 Pillars Sikhism - Found in Punjab and Kashmir and believe in service to others and wear the 5 Ks. Buddhism - Siddartha Guatama is the founder of this belief system, adherents are trying to reach Nirvana, reincarnation Confucianism - Based on the teachings of Kung Fu Tzu, Analects are important writings Left off of review – Hinduism - found mostly in India, practice yoga as a form of meditation, the Baghavad Gita and Vedas are important writings, reincarnation

7. What is the largest religion by population? • Christianity 22. What beliefs do Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have in common (Abrahamic Religions) Jerusalem is a holy city, God of Abraham, founded in the Middle East, parts of the Old Testament, monotheistic. • What happened in Yugoslavia? Who was Slobodan Milosevic? Josip Tito? • Josip Tito was a strong dictator that kept Yugoslavia together. When he died, the country split along ethnic lines and a series of civil wars broke out. Slobodan Milosevic was the leader of the Serbs who tried to keep the other republics together by force. Especially noticeable for cruelty and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.

8. Characteristics of Communism: • Government decides what to make, how much to make, what to charge, and how long it should take. • Materials are not always available to produce the desired product. • Land and companies are owned by the government. • Government makes all the profit to share equally to all the people • Workers are assigned jobs for the government’s needs - not necessarily ability. • No competition – Only what the government provides is available. • Long lines, shortages, high prices, and little variety • Black market trades in consumer goods • No freedom of speech, movement, or assembly • No incentive to work. Workers are paid equally regardless of production • Focus is often on quantity rather than quality.

9. Communism 1 party government (Socialist) examples: North Korea, Cuba, China, and Vietnam The group is very important – one does what is going to help the whole society. No unemployment – government gives jobs to all Focus on heavy industry (factories and mines) not light industry (consumer goods) Quantity over Quality sometimes caused serious pollution problems. Goal during the Cold War was to be #1 in industry, space, and weapons.

10. Individuals or companies decide what to make, charge, etc. Consumers will pay for quality and value. • Materials are abundant. Materials can be bought for a price • Land and companies are individually owned or owned by a group of individuals (stock holders) • Workers choose where to work. Companies decide who to hire. Either party can terminate employment • Competition brings a variety of products and better prices • Supermarkets • Black market deals in illegal items • Freedom of speech, movement, and assembly • Paid by quality and production • People will buy products that are well made at a fair price. Supply and Demand • At least a two party government (Democracy) examples: USA, UK, Germany, and Australia

11. Capitalism Individual rights – The Bill of Rights Government’s role is to help trade and protect people US produces enough food to feed the entire world US has some of the most expensive workers in the world – unions, minimum wage, pollution controls, work place conditions Goal during the Cold War was to stay one step ahead of the Communists.

12. Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe • Inflation in Zimbabwe is so bad that last year the government released a $50 billion note — enough to buy two loaves of bread. • The unemployment rate has risen to more than 85%. • In 2008, Mugabe agreed to hold an election, but it became clear that he would accept the result only if he won. • His supporters launched attacks on the opposition, killing 163 and torturing or beating 5000. • He ultimately signed a power-sharing agreement with opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai, but since then Mugabe has broken its terms and installed his own people at the head of every ministry. • Health conditions have reached crisis levels. AIDS and cholera.

13. Omar al-Bashir Sudan • The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity for his contributions to the tragedy in Darfur. The ICC charged him with “ murdering, exterminating, raping, torturing, and forcibly transferring large numbers of civilians, and pillaging their property.” • Bashir’s military campaign has been accused of driving 2.7 million people from their homes since 2003. • In 2007, Bashir ordered aerial bombing raids that killed dozens of civilians

14. Kim Jong Il N. Korea • His regime is one of the world’s most repressive. • Hundreds of thousands of citizens, including children, are imprisoned in labor camps for such “crimes” as hoarding food and “ anti-socialist” activities. • His citizens have no access to information other than government propaganda. • His harsh system includes collective punishment (three generations of a family can be punished for one member’s alleged crime • jailing of those who try to flee to China.

15. Sayyid Al-Khamennei Iran • Ayatollah Khamenei has increased arrests of nonviolent opponents of his regime, women's-rights activists, ethnic and religious minorities, and journalists. • In 2008, Khamenei’s government was the only one in the world to execute juveniles. Iranian law considers boys eligible for the death penalty at age 15 and girls at age 9. • officials carried out public hangings, stoned a man to death for adultery, shut down music studios and cafés, and persecuted dissidents. 

16. Raul & Fidel Castro Cuba • Although Raúl Castro did not formally take power from his brother Fidel until 2006, he already led Cuba’s military and the GAESA, the vast financial conglomerate that controls much of Cuba’s economy. • An estimated 5,000 Cuban citizens are serving sentences for “ dangerousness.” It is illegal to criticize either of the Castro brothers. • All print and electronic media is owned by the government. According to Human Rights Watch, The Cuban government celebrated International Human Rights Day by beating, threatening and arresting dissidents.

17. King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia • Saudi women still need permission from male guardians to work, study, travel, marry, or even obtain an ID card. The government opened a women’s branch of its Human Rights Commission, but only men serve on its board. • There is no Saudi penal code, and trial defendants often cannot question witnesses. young teens can be sentenced to death and defendants tortured • Huge gaps exist between rich (royal family) and poor (workers)

18. Than Shwe Myanmar (Burma) • Buddhist monks led pro-democracy demonstrations against 45 years of military rule. • Than Shwe ordered troops to fire on democracy protestors: They killed dozens of protestors, and his forces detained several thousand more. • Nobel Peace Prize-winner Aung San Suu Kyi, remains under house arrest • Cyclone Nargis slammed into Burma on May 2, leaving some 140,000 dead or missing and more than 2 million homeless, but Than Shwe delayed access to stricken areas by aid groups while he held a rigged election to approve a new constitution.

19. Taliban • Strict Shiite Muslims that controlled Afghanistan prior to the US invasion. • al-Qaeda • Led by Osama bin Laden, this group of fundamentalist Shiite Muslims responsible for 9/11 and other terrorist attacks against Western nations. • ETA • Basque separatist group fighting for independence from Spain and France • PKK • Kurd separatist group fighting for independence from Iraq, Turkey, and

20. 41. LRA The Lord’s Resistance Army – headed by Joseph Kony. Responsible for Invisible Children – used child soldiers in war against Uganda’s government. • Saddam Hussein • Our ally in the Iraq – Iran war. Invaded Kuwait in 1990. US and allies ousted Iraq from Kuwait. After the war, Hussein would not allow UN weapons inspectors into his country. The US invaded, hunted Hussein, and Iraqi citizens found him guilty of war crimes and had him put to death. • Felipe Calderon • President of Mexico. He has been very vocal against building a wall between the US and Mexico. He has been unsuccessful at stopping the drug violence on the border.

21. 44. Vladimir Putin Former President of Russia, now Prime Minister of Russia. He was President during the Chechnya conflict. • Aung San Suu Kyi • Leader of the pro-democracy movement in Myanmar (National League for Democracy). She won the last election, but has been unable to take her position in government. She has been under house arrest until recently. All political demonstrations are outlawed in Myanmar. • Dalai Lama • Spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people. China has tried to wipe out the culture of this region. • Darfur • Area of Sudan where the Janjaweed under the authority of Omar al-Bashir’s government tried to ethnically cleanse the people of Darfur. He is wanted for crimes against humanity.

22. PLO – • Palestine Liberation Organization. The official representative of the Palestinian people. In peace talks today, they are the representative that would attend. PLO once called for the destruction of Israel, but now wish to work through elections and negotiations. • Hamas – • Palestinian group that wants a fundamentalist Muslim theocracy in Israel and the occupied territories and will use force to gain the land. • Peace Now – • Israeli group that would like to trade land for peace. Willing to negotiate the occupied territories for secure borders with Palestine.

23. UN Resolution 181- • 1948 – UN divided the land of Palestine between a Jewish Israeli secular state and a Palestinian Muslim secular state. • UN Resolution 242 – • 1967 – UN says Israel to return the land won in the war (occupied territories), deal with the refugee problem, and Palestinians recognize Israel and give safe borders. • Occupied Territories – what are they, where did Israel get the land? • Land won by Israel in the 1967 War (6 Day War) • Golan Heights – Syria, West Bank – Jordan, Gaza Strip – Egypt, and Sinai Peninsula – Egypt (given back in 1978 peace agreement) 54. Monotheism – Belief in only one god.

24. Pakistan: Pakistan formed in 1947 when British India split into Hindu India and ___Muslim______________Pakistan. Pakistan has been under military rule for most of its history. December 2007, the opposition leader, former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was ____assassinated__________ The 2008 elections brought an end to military rule, but the military is struggling to regain power. The new government has tried to fight against Islamist militants who want ____Sharia___________ (Islamic law). The new prime minister is Bhutto’s husband Asif Ali Zardari. The move toward democracy has been difficult, but Pakistan has allowed US drone planes to fly into Afghanistan and is helping fight against al-Qaeda.

25. Sudan: This conflict is based on racial, religious, and regional differences and struggles over natural resources. Most Sudanese are desperately ____poor_____________ Fighting between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south have killed at least 2 million and displaced 4 million. In 2003, the struggle for land and power in the western region of _____Darfur_______________ intensified when government supported Arab Janjaweed militia tried to ethically cleanse the African tribes. 200,000 were killed and 2 million displaced. President Omar ___al-Bashir___________is wanted for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ironically, the battle over vast oil reserves is useless as no side has the ability to develop the resources.

26. Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar has been under ____military________ rule since independence in 1962. The National League for Democracy candidate, Aung San Suu Kyi won the 1990 election. The military refused to relinquish power and Aung was placed under house arrest. Sanctions placed on Myanmar in 1989 and 2003 have failed to force a change. China continues to trade with Myanmar. In April 2008, Cyclone Nargis killed 138,000 people and displaced 800,000. The government refused to allow international aid and donor agencies in to help the survivors. Meanwhile, the government claimed the election held the next month had a ____98%_____ turn out and won 92% of the votes. 90% of all people in the country live on less than _____65¢_______________ a day. Democratic demonstrations are brutally squashed.

27. Kurdistan: The Kurdish people were promised independence, but when Ataturk formed ___Turkey____________, he swallowed up the area. _27 million_Kurds do not have a homeland. The region is located between Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The location of this area has been an issue during the Iraqi war as it has been caught in the middle. The Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) demonstrates in cities, sometimes setting themselves on fire to show commitment to independence. Turkey has consistently repressed this area. The PKK and other Kurdish groups have been outlawed in Turkey and ____Iraq_____. Violence is on the rise as this area is unstable.

28. Cabinda: The rebel group, FLEC (the Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda) wants independence from ___Angola____. This group has been actively pressuring Angola to give up the enclave that is separated from the rest of Angola by part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The FLEC has claimed responsibility for deadly attack on Togolese football team’s bus. As the majority of ______oil_________from Angola comes from the area of Cabinda it is unlikely that the government will grant this area independence, and FLEC swears it will continue its insurgency until they meet their goal.

29. Cyprus: Cyprus is a small Mediterranean island nation that has been the site of a __civil war________since its independence. ____20%___of the population are Turks and live in the north. The other ___80%_ are Greek and live in the south. The two groups have historically not gotten along. The country is split into two sectors with UN forces supervising the area in between. Cyprus was admitted into the European Union, but Turkey has not been allowed. The northern sector has not met the economic boom of the southern sector, and has lead to even more tensions. Skirmishes along the __UN__buffer zone are common.

30. Western Sahara: __Morocco__________ annexed Western Sahara in 1979. UN peace keepers have been deployed since 1991 when a cease-fire was signed. In 2007, both parties presented vastly different plans to the UN. Western Sahara’s plan calls for complete independence from Morocco. Morocco’s plan suggests ___statehood___ The lack of support for Western Sahara has angered the independence movement and they have vowed to step up pressure on Morocco. Although Algeria has no official claim to Western Sahara, Algeria has been training the separatists. The __African Union__ recognized Western Sahara as an independent nation, and Morocco pulled out of the organization.

31. Mexican Drug War: After the demise of Colombia’s Cali and Medelin cartels in the 1990s, Mexican drug cartels grew in power. Cartels are fighting for control of the distribution lines for ________drugs____________ and weapons into the US. Over 28,000 have died since 2006. President Felipe Calderon has sent over 5,000 troops to border areas to help stop the violence, but violence is actually on the increase and the US __State Department_______has warned Americans not to travel to the border areas of Mexico.

32. Basque: Basque land is an area in northern _____Spain ______near the border of France. The people of this area are culturally and ethnically different from other groups in Europe. The Basque culture pre-dates modern European nations. The people are rural and in conflict with the modern Spanish cultural association with industrialization. The ETA (Basque Homeland and Freedom) is an armed nationalist and separatist movement that is fighting against the Spanish government for ____self-rule____________. Both Spain and France have outlawed the group that is listed as a terrorist group by human rights watch. Until 1975, Basque culture was forbidden by the government. Attempts at peace talks have been unsuccessful and violence in ____Madrid_______, Spain’s capital has intensified.

33. Chechnya: Chechnya is part of ____Russia_______ located in the Caucasus region between the Caspian and Black Seas. Chechens have been fighting for independence since the break-up of the USSR in 1989. This area has vast petroleum pipelines from the _Caspian Sea___oilfields. In 1991, Chechnya elected its own president, but Russia imposed an economic blockade against the breakaway republic. In 1994, Russia sent troops into Chechnya. The Chechens saw this as an invasion. The Russian army destroyed cities and the average person was unable to meet basic needs. Chechnya never surrendered, but Russian troops withdrew in 1995. In 2001, Russian President Putin named Chechen rebels as “Islamic Terrorists” and went after them as part of the worldwide __War on Terror___. Fighting has continued and the poor people of Chechnya have been brutalized by all sides.

34. Tibet: Tibet was an ancient country the size of Western Europe when it was invaded by the People’s Republic of ___China____________ in 1950. Tibet has a unique culture, history, and identity. Not only have many Tibetans lost their lives, but Tibetans in Tibet do not enjoy basic human rights. The Chinese government has introduced policies by which Tibetan culture, language, and natural resources are being systematically eroded. The spiritual and cultural leader of the Tibetan people is the ____Dalai Lama____________He escaped Tibet, and has traveled the world to raise support for an independent Tibet. The Dalai Lama is pursuing peaceful solutions to this situation, but the Chinese government refuses to discuss Tibet. * China has the Panchen Lama (2nd most important person in Tibetan Buddhism) in “Protective custody” by China, and has not been seen since 1990.

35. Korea: North Korea’s desire to acquire or produce nuclear weapons has caused tensions with its neighbors and the US. At the end of the _Korean War__the peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel. South Korea became an economic power house and an ally of the __US__ North Korea is a communist dictatorship where Kim Jong Il pays little attention to his citizens as he pursues domination. The demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a no-man’s land between North and South Korea is patrolled by the __UN___. Anyone caught trying to escape to China is imprisoned, but thousands have tried. The average person in North Korea is very poor, and lives on less than __60¢____ a day.

36. Kashmir: The area of Kashmir ___65%___________ administered by India and ____35%________________ by Pakistan. The state is predominately Muslim. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons and tensions are high between the two nations. The area of Kashmir also has a large population of Sikhs that wish for independence. These areas are also close to Afghanistan’s badlands where ___al-Qaeda______operatives train and Osama bin Laden is thought to be hiding. Mujahadeen fighters have been known to train in Kashmir. Taliban (Islamic fundamentalists) active in Afghanistan would like to spread their influence into this area. India has cracked down on the insurgency that is backed by ___Pakistan___.

37. Sri Lanka: In the last 25 years, more than ___150,000____people have died in the country’s civil war. Although this conflict officially ended last year, a lasting peace is yet to be seen. The minority Hindu nationalist group, the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam) has used suicide bombings and child soldiers to fight against the ____Buddhist___ Sinhalese government. Grave human rights violations were committed by both sides. Heavy fighting in 2009 claimed the life of the LTTE leader and ____7,500__________civilians. The government has claimed victory and is now starting the long process of rebuilding.

38. Uganda: In 2006, a cease-fire was signed to end the conflict between the government and the Lord’s Resistance Army, headed by Joseph ____Kony_________ The conflict began in 1987 when Kony almost wiped out the Acholi people. Kony is wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against ___humanity_______ for his use of child soldiers and his brutality. The international group __Invisible Children____ has worked to help rebuild this nation and return people to their homes.

39. Palestine – Israel – NOT ON STUDY GUIDE!!! IS ON EXAM. On May 14, 1948, Israel declared independence in areas granted in UN _Resolution 181______. May 15th, Five Arab nations attacked Israel. Israel won and gained land and angry Arabs. In 1968, Israel felt threatened and attacked Egypt and Syria. Israel won the Occupied Territories (Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and the West Bank). The Palestinians fled to UN run refugee camps in Gaza and the West Bank. In 1978, Egypt and Israel signed a peace agreement and Israel returned the ___Sinai_________ Peninsula. Palestinians were given some self rule in Gaza. Gaza elected Hamas as their government. Israel has continued to settle areas in the Occupied Territories. The Palestinians desire a homeland. Many Palestinians base their hopes on UN ____Resolution 242____that would return land to the partition plan of 1948 in return for secure and recognized borders. Unfortunately, not everyone on either side will be happy with this situation and will keep fighting.