The Immune System

1. The Immune System Chapter 39.1 & 39.2 (Pgs. 1022-1041)

2. Introductory Questions #1 • Your Immune system protects your body from many kinds of pathogens. Give three examples of a pathogen. Where do these pathogens come from? • Are all micoorganisms harmful to your body? Briefly explain your answer. • Looking at Table 39.1, determine if the following illnesses are caused by a virus or a bacteria. -Tetanus -Influenza -Chicken pox -Tuberculosis

3. Pathogens • Meaning “pathos”- to suffer & “geneia” refers to producing • Cause disease and illness • Disrupts homeostasis in the body • Includes agents such as: • Bacteria • Protozoans • Fungi • Viruses • Other parasites

4. Human Infectious Diseases (pg. 1024) VirusesBacteria Chicken pox Tetanus Rabies Strept throat Influenza Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Meningitis

5. Video #1: Killer Viruses • While watching the video, write 15 key statements on a separate sheet of paper. • Be sure to number each statement.

6. Introductory Questions #2 • Some disorders are not caused by pathogens. Give three examples. (see pg. 1024) Explain how these are acquired by a person. • Name the rod-shaped pathogen Robert Koch discovered in the blood of sheep and cattle in 1876. What 4 steps are taken to identify a pathogen with a disease? Write these on the back of your cover sheet. • Do these steps only work with bacteria? Explain your answer.

7. Non-Pathogenic Disorders • Hemphilia: (sex-linked trait) called bleeder’s disease. • Osteoarthritis: degeneration from wear and tear in joint spaces. (aging process) • Cirrhoisis: exposure to a chemical/toxin such as alcohol. • Scurvy: Malnutrition (deficiency in Vitamin C) causing gums to bleed, teeth to losen, and wounds to heal poorly.

8. Pathogens • 1st proof was a pathogen was identified by Robert Koch in 1876. • Developed postulates (method) of relating a pathogen to a specific disease. • Pathogen must be found in host in every case • Pathogen must be isolated & grown in culture • Pathogen must cause disease if take from this pure culture • Must be able to isolate the pathogen from new host and shown to be the original pahtogen.

9. Exceptions of Koch’s Process • STD’s: sexually transmitted diseases • Viruses

10. Homework (Mon.) • Reading guide: • Research a disease on the internet • Answer the questions posed on the guide for the section “Before You Read” Do Question #1 & #3

11. Homework Due (Tues.) • Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10 • Have research ready to share about a particular disease. (printout of website)

12. Introductory Questions #3 • People who harbor pathogens without exhibiting any signs of the illness and unknowingly transmit it to others are called _________. (see pg. 1026) • The symptom-free period of time when a pathogen is transmitted and multiplying rapidly within the body is called the ___________ period. • Name three diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans. What are some non-living reservoirs of infectious disease?

13. Spreading of Infectious Diseases • Pathogens begin from a reservoir which can include: Human body, Animals, and non-living sources such as water & soil. • Achieved by a living organism (human body itself) or an inanimate object. • People can “carry” the disease and not know they have it without showing any signs of illness. • The first stage for the spread of a disease is called the incubation period. • Humans unknowingly pass it on to others • Influenza, Strept throat, STD’s like gonorrhea, and AIDS are all examples

14. Transmission of Disease (pg. 1027) • Pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir to a host in four main ways: • Direct contact (flu, cold, & STD’s) • An object (can house bacteria & other microorganisms) • The air (coughing or sneezing) • Intermediate organisms called “vectors” which include: • Insects • Arthropods • Ticks, fleas, mosquitos, and flies

15. Homework (Wed.) • Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10 • Have research ready to share about a particular disease. (printout of website)

16. Homework Due: (Thurs.) • Reading Guide 39.1 • Quest #4-10 • Final Page “After You Read” #1 & 2 (Table) • Disease research from those that didn’t share yesterday. (2pts) (Note: must have a printout of website)

17. Introductory Questions #4 • Name the four main ways that pathogens can be transmitted to a host from reservoirs. When diseases are transmitted by “vectors” what type of organisms are involved? (see pg. 1027) • Match the disease with its source: Lyme disease A. ticks West Nile virus B. mosquitos Rocky Mtn. spotted fever C. fleas & rats • When a disease is constantly present in a population we call this disease an ________ disease. Give an example. (see pg. 1027) What type of organisms produce antibiotic substances?

18. Video #3: Parasites • Write 10 key Statements from the video. **Be sure to number each statement.

19. Tonight’s Homework • Textbook pg. 1030 Quest. #1-4 • Review for tomorrow’s quiz • Bring in SSR reading for 2 extra credit pts. • Review by taking a practice quiz from textbook website: www.ca.bdol.glencoe.com

20. Assignment Packet Due Fri. 4/3 • Cover sheet (w/all four IQ’s answered) • Reading guide 39.1 • Study Guide/Reinforcement (one page-front) • Videos x3 • Killer Viruses (15 statements) • Bacteria (fill in answers) • Parasites (10 statements) • SSR- Your five key points & Presenters five points

21. SSR Guide for Presenters • Give your name • Hold up the your source • FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read. • The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

22. The Immune System (Part II) Chapter 39.2 (pgs. 1031-1047)

23. Schedule • Today (4/13) - 4/16 (Thurs.) Chapter 39.2 NOTE: Quiz #10 Will be this Thursday!!! (not Friday) • Review/Practice Star Test 90 Questions • 1st 45 Questions Given this Friday (Open Book) • 2nd 45 Question Given on Monday (Open Book)

24. Introductory Questions #1 • Name three non-specific defenses to a foreign invader that enters the body. • Give two purposes that mucus serves in the body. Name two areas where mucus is secreted. • Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that engulfs (phagocytize) foreing invaders. Which WBC releases histamine. What does histamine do?

25. Lines of Defense

26. Innate Immunity • Non-Specific Defense Process • First way (earliest) line of defense • Involves: • Barriers • Body Secretions • White Blood Cells (WBC) • Inflammatory Response

27. Skin & Body Secretions • Skin is a dry desolate place that is always replacing itself. *It’s been estimated that we slough off and replace about 90 lbs. of skin in our lifetime!!! • Secretions: • Mucus • Oil • Sweat • Tears • Saliva

28. Mucus • Thick (viscous) fluid that is slightly sticky • Traps microorganisms & foreign particles • Prevents membranes from drying out • Secreted by cells that line the • Digestive tract • Respiratory tract • Sinus cavities

29. Sweat, Tears, and Saliva • All contain Lysozymes • Breaks down the cell wall of bacteria cells • Tears & Saliva - have a small amount of antibiotic • Sweat - has a high amount of salt

30. Inflammatory Response • Characterized by: • Redness • Swelling • Pain • Heat • Cells Involved: • Mast cells • Basophil: releases Histamine • Monocytes (Macrophages): WBC • Neutrophil: (WBC

31. The Inflammatory Response • Tissue injury; release of chemical signals~ • histamine (basophils/mast cells): • prostaglandins: increases blood flow & vessel permeability • Dilation and increased permeability of capillary~ • chemokines: secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells mediates phagocytotic migration of WBCs • Phagocytosis of pathogens~ • fever & pyrogens: leukocyte-released molecules increase body temperature

32. Histamine • Substance that cause blood vessels to dilate • Released by Mast cells & Basophil cells • Cause the vessels to be more permeable and allow cells & substances to leak out. • Causes redness & swelling

33. Phagocytic cells • Surround & Engulf foreign invaders • Present in body tissues & blood • Include the following White blood Cells • Monocytes ----- become macrophages • Neutrophils • Eosinophils

34. Video #1: “The Immune System”(10 Statements)

35. Introductory Questions #1 • Name three non-specific defenses to a foreign invader that enters the body. • Give two purposes that mucus serves in the body. Name two areas where mucus is secreted. • Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that engulfs (phagocytize) foreign invaders. Which WBC releases histamine. What does histamine do?

36. Introductory Questions #2 • Looking at the mini-lab 39.2 (pg. 1035), list the five white blood cells that we could look for in a prepared slide. Name the type of enzyme that a macrophage uses to digest particles it engulfs. (see pg. 1033) • When a wound is healing pus can form. What is pus composed of? Name the protein that protects cells from viruses. Briefly explain what an antigen is. (pg. 1035) • Name three organs that make up the lymphatic system. Which white blood cells make up a lymph node? Where can you find a high number of lymph nodes in the body?

37. Lines of Defense

38. Pg. 880 Withdrawblood Centrifuge Place in tube PLASMA 55% CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45% Solvent forcarrying othersubstances CELL TYPE NUMBER(per mm3 of blood) FUNCTIONS Water Erythrocytes(red blood cells) Salts 5–6 million Transport ofoxygen (and carbon dioxide) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation ofmembranepermeability Leukocytes(white blood cells) Defense andimmunity 5,000–10,000 Plasma proteins Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobins(antibodies) Osmotic balance,pH buffering Clotting Immunity Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Monocyte Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Neutrophil Platelets 250,000–400,000 Blood clotting Figure 23.13

39. Red blood cells transport oxygen -Hemoglobin transport of O2 -Red blood cells contain hemoglobin (250-300 million) -RBC count: 4.2 – 6.2 million cells per mm3. (adult males & females) -Average Lifespan: 120 days -33% of RBC volume is hemoglobin -2.4 million are destroyed per second and are replaced in the bone marrow -No nucleus or mitochondria Figure 23.14

40. White blood cells help defend the body • White blood cells function both inside and outside the circulatory system • They fight infections and cancer Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Neutrophil Figure 23.15

41. WBC Type and Function • WBC count: 7000 per µL (1:700 RBC’s) • Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytic cells in the blood (60-70% of all WBC’s) • Eosinophils: containd oxidases & peroxidases -increase during allergic reactions -parasitic infections • Basophils: also important in allergic reactions -do not contain lysosomes -histamine in the cytoplasm (inflamm.) -heparin acts as an anticoagulant (prevents blood clots) • Lymphocytes: produce antibodies attack bacteria & viruses two types of cells form (B cells & T cells) • Monocytes: Largest of all WBC’s that become macrophages (about 5% of all WBC’s)

42. Differentiation of Blood Cells in the Bone Marrow

43. Lymphatic System • Lymph: clear, watery fluid formed by interstial fluid • Nodes & Nodules: composed of lymphocytes filters lymph • Key organs: tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen and appendix • Has “dead end” vessels that are similar to veins 3 Major Functions: -collects & returns interstitial fluid and protein to blood -launches the immune response: defends the body -absorb lipids from digestive tract

44. LYMPHATICVESSEL Adenoid Tonsil VALVE Right lymphaticduct, enteringvein Tissue cells Lymph nodes Interstitialfluid Bloodcapillary Thoracic duct,entering vein Thoracicduct Thymus LYMPHATICCAPILLARY Appendix Spleen Masses oflymphocytes and macrophages Bonemarrow Lymphaticvessels Figure 23.3

45. Antigen molecules Variety ofB cells in a lymph node Antigen receptor(antibody oncell surface) Cell growth division, and differentiation Clone of manyeffector cellssecretingantibodies Endoplasmicreticulum Antibodymolecules Figure 24.7

46. Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them Pg. 903 • Antigenic determinants are the molecules to which antibodies bind Antibody Amolecules Antigen-bindingsites Antigenicdeterminants Antigen Antibody Bmolecule Figure 24.6

47. Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity • An antibody molecule Figure 24.10A

48. PRIMARY RESPONSE (initial encounter with antigen) Antigen Antigen receptoron a B cell Antigen binding to a B cell Cell growth, division, and differentiation Clone ofcells Memory B cell Plasma cell Antibody molecules Later exposure to same antigen SECONDARY RESPONSE (can be years later) Cell growth, division, and further differentiation Larger clone of cells Plasma cell Memory B cell Antibody molecules Figure 24.9

49. Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by Neutralization (blocks viral binding sites; coats bacterial toxins) Agglutination of microbes Precipitation of dissolved antigens Activation of complement Complement molecule Bacteria Virus Antigen molecules Bacterium Foreign cell Hole Enhances Leads to Phagocytosis Cell lysis Macrophage Figure 24.11

50. Video Segment #2: Minding Your B’s & T’s • Write 10 Key statements