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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Roaring Twenties. Section 1. The Red Scare -In 1920, Warren G. Harding wins presidency. -Wanted Americans to return to “Normalcy” -Many factors caused the U.S. people to have anything but “normalcy.”. Reason #1. Russian Revolution -March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicates.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Roaring Twenties

  2. Section 1 The Red Scare -In 1920, Warren G. Harding wins presidency. -Wanted Americans to return to “Normalcy” -Many factors caused the U.S. people to have anything but “normalcy.”

  3. Reason #1 Russian Revolution • -March 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicates. • -Lenin and Bolsheviks take over. • -Caused a civil war [“Reds” vs. “Whites”] • -Lenin and “Reds” win in 1920. • -Creates new country called The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic [USSR] • -Made Communism the official form of government. • -Communism had 4 basic ideas: • 1. Govt. owned all land and property • 2. One political party [Communist] • 3. No individual rights • 4. Spread Communism over world • -Communists hated U.S. b/c of our rights. • -Caused a Red Scare in U.S. • -Intense fear & hatred of Communists. • -Caused many American Communists to be jailed or deported.

  4. Reason #2 • Schenck vs. U.S. • -U.S. Supreme Court ruling • -Sets up the “Clear and Present Danger Clause” • -Anything that presents a danger to the nation or a person is not protected under free speech and the 1st Amendment. • -Ex. Yelling fire in a crowded movie theater

  5. Reason #3 • Palmer Raids • -U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer created a govt. groups to arrest suspected subversives. • -People trying to overthrow the government • -Most were Communists • -Palmer jailed and deported thousands • -Majority of them were innocent • -Palmer’s groups were led by J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI

  6. Warren G. Harding • -Harding becomes Pres. at end of Red Scare. • -Makes Herbert Hoover Sec. of Commerce. • -Had 3 major goals: • 1. Isolationism • -Wanted to again follow Isolationism • 2. Disarmament • -Policy that nations would give up their weapons • 3. Limiting Immigration • -B/c of the Red Scare, the nation became more nativist. • -Hatred of foreigners • -Most Americans blamed all the U.S. problems on immigrants • -To slow immigration, Harding set up an immigration quota. • -Numerical limit • Immigration was limited to 3% or about 350,000 per year.

  7. Teapot Dome Scandal • -Harding dies before a major scandal appears. (Murder? Suicide? Natural Causes?) • -Teapot Dome Scandal • -Harding and his Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, lease Govt. oil fields in Wyoming and California to private oil companies • -Albert Fall receives about $400,000 in exchange for helping the lease go through. • -Fall is caught and goes to jail. • -”The Fall Guy”

  8. Calvin Coolidge • Calvin Coolidge • -Coolidge takes over for Harding after his death. • -Wins re-election in 1924.”Keep it Cool with Coolidge” • -Major believer in U.S. business. • -Follows a policy called Laissez Faire. • -Govt. will stay out of business • -Also continues Isolationism. • -Helps to pass Kellog-Braind Pact • -Nations agree not to use threats of war against each other. • -Pact to prevent another world war. • -Coolidge decides not to run in 1928. • -Herbert Hoover runs in his place • -Wins 1928 election

  9. Section 2 • Consumer Economy • -1st shopping mall and 1st fast food restaurant open in 1920’s. • -1st fast food restaurant is A&W Root Beer • -Main growth caused by consumer economy • -Large amounts of buying by public.

  10. Credit • Consumer economy helped U.S. grow b/c of installment plan • -Paying for a product over time • -Credit • -Major items bought on credit: • Cars • Furniture • Vacuums • Radios • Refrigerators

  11. Electricity Lights up the 1920s • Electricity use grew b/c of buying on credit. • -Jumped from 16% to 60% of homes with electricity • -Major producer of electric goods was General Electric • -Also provided new products for families: • Electric toasters • Electric coffee pots • Electric ovens • Electric Irons • Electric sewing machines

  12. Electrical Goods of 1920s

  13. Henry Ford and the Model-T • Henry Ford • -1920’s saw the 1st mass-market cars. • -1st affordable U.S. car builder was Henry Ford • -His 1st attempt at a car was called “Quadricycle” • -By 1903, built his own car company • -1908 creates his 1st car for sale • -Called Model-T • -Came in one color [Black] • -Built using Assembly Line • -One person does a specific job in building a product.

  14. Model T

  15. Assembly Line

  16. Assembly Line

  17. General Motors • -Ford’s major competitor was General Motors • -G.M.’s major car was the Chevrolet • -Offered cars in many colors • -Ford countered G.M. in 1928 with the Model-A

  18. GM’s Chevrolet

  19. Ford’s Model A

  20. Section 3 • New Women • -1920’s saw birth of new thinking. • -Biggest change came to women • -Young women of the 1920’s were called Flappers • -Young women who went against society and old-fashioned ideas. • -Women also worked for voting rights. • -19th Amendment gives women right to vote in 1920

  21. Flappers

  22. Cities and Migration • -Cities and rural areas had many Demographic Changes • -Stats that describe a city • -Age, Race, Income • -Major changes came b/c of Great Migration • -Movement of African Americans from rural south to cities in north • -Another major growth came to suburbs • -Areas within driving distance to major cities. • -Suburbs grew for 2 reasons: • 1. Cars • 2. More Money to buy homes • -Both allowed people to move out of cities but still work there

  23. American Heroes • -1920’s saw America’s fascination with heroes • -4 major heroes of 1920’s • 1. Charles Lindbergh • -May 20, 1927 • -25 year old “Lucky Lindy” flies his plane, “The Spirit of St. Louis” nonstop from NY to Paris • -Flight takes 33 1/2 hours • -1st nonstop flight across Atlantic • -Receives Congressional Medal of Honor

  24. Lindbergh and Spirit of St. Louis

  25. Amelia Earhart • -Repeats Lindbergh’s flight in 1932 • -Also flies from California to Hawaii • -Tries to fly around world but disappears

  26. Jack Dempsey • -Boxing champ of the world 1919-1926 • -First fight to sell $1 million worth of tickets

  27. Babe Ruth • -George Herman Ruth • -NY Yankee great • -Sets Home Run record with 60 in 1927 • -Isn’t broken until 1961(Roger Maris) • Had more home runs than all but 3 teams in the league combined. Today that would be hitting more than 124 in a season. • -Considered one of the greatest players ever

  28. Babe Ruth Pictures

  29. Mass Media • -1920’s saw a growth of Hollywood • -Also saw growth of mass media • -Using print, radio, and TV to provide info to a large # of people • -TV in 1950’s • -Cell Phones and Internet today

  30. Movies • -1st movies began in 1890’s • -During 1920’s about 90 million people watched movies a week • -U.S. population only 125 million at the time • -1927 the 1st talking motion picture was released • -Called “The Jazz Singer’

  31. Newspapers • More and more people were reading newspapers • Biggest newspaper chain was owned by William Randolph Hearst [Citizen Kane] • Biggest papers: • New York Times • San Francisco Examiner • New York Journal • Examiner and Journal owned by Hearst

  32. Radio • 1st radio station was KDKA in Pittsburgh • -Growth of new music in 1920’s • -Influenced by African Americans • -Called Jazz • -2/3 of all radio stations in 1920’s were playing Jazz • -Major Jazz musician was Duke Ellington • -Major Jazz clubs were the Cotton Club and the Saratoga club, located in Harlem part of NYC • -1920’s became known as the Jazz Age

  33. Harlem Renaissance • -Harlem is a section of NYC • -In 1920’s Harlem became center of culture • -Especially for African Americans • -Became known as Harlem Renaissance • -2 major writers of the Harlem Renaissance: • James Weldon Johnson • Alain Lockes • -Harlem became the social and cultural place to be in the U.S. during Jazz Age

  34. Lost Generation • -Youth and writers of the 1920’s were called the Lost Generation • -2 famous writers of the Lost Generation • F. Scott Fitzgerald [The Great Gatsby] • Ernest Hemingway [The Sun Also Rises]

  35. Ernest Hemingway

  36. F. Scott Fitzgerald

  37. Prohibition • -18th Amendment becomes law on January 16, 1920 • -Makes alcohol illegal • -To enforce the amendment, the govt. uses the Volstead Act • -Anything with 1/2 of 1% of alcohol was illegal • -Internal Revenue Service [IRS] enforced act

  38. The Mafia • -18th Amendment created new criminals in 1920’s • -Most people got their alcohol from bootleggers • -Suppliers of illegal alcohol • -Illegal alcohol was sold in speakeasies • -Secret bars during prohibition • -Biggest and most powerful bootleggers and speakeasies were controlled by organized crime [Mafia] • -NYC & Chicago were centers for the Mob

  39. Al Capone • -Most famous gangster of the 1920’s was Al Capone • -Scarface • -Made $60 million from bootlegging

  40. The Untouchables • Al Capone is finally brought down by special FBI/Treasury Dept. group called the Untouchables. • Group was led by Elliott Ness • -Capone was convicted of tax evasion in 1931 and sent to Alcatraz

  41. Elliott Ness

  42. The Untouchables

  43. Charles “Lucky” Luciano • Most famous gangster in NYC • Created the “Commission” • The Commission was made up of the heads of NYC five mafia families. • The Commission would meet to discuss problems and work to prevent a mob war. • Luciano was the head of the Commission and leader of the US heroin trade • Luciano is deported in 1946 to Italy.

  44. Lucky Luciano

  45. New York’s “Five Families” of the Mafia • The Bonano or Bonnano Family • The Columbo Family • The Genovese Family • The Gambino Family (John Gotti) • The Lucchese Family

  46. Scopes Trial • -John T. Scopes was arrested in Dayton TN. for teaching Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • -Man evolved over time from other species [Not Apes] • -Illegal in TN. public schools to teach anything but Creationism • -God created man and Earth • -Scopes represented by Clarence Darrow • -Tried by William Jennings Bryan • -Found guilty and fined $100 • -1st trial broadcast on radio • -Split the entire nation on ideas of religion and science

  47. Racial Tensions • Summer of 1919 saw huge violence against African Americans • -The bloodiest was in Chicago • -Called “Red Summer”

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