An Introduction to Smart Grid

1. An Introduction to Smart Grid Peng Zhang ECE 7750 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Tennessee Technological University

2. Outline • Traditional Power Grid • Smart Grid • What is Smart Grid? • Key Technologies • Challenges • Current Example applications • Conclusion

3. Outline • Traditional Power Grid • Smart Grid • What is Smart Grid? • Key Technologies • Challenges • Current Example applications • Conclusion

4. The Traditional Power Grid • The grid we are using • Many implementation decisions were made 120 years ago http://oncor.com/images/content/grid.jpg • Generation, transmission, distribution

5. The Traditional Power Grid • Problems with current Power Grid • It is not efficient • Transmission losses = 20% • Only 30% of the energy consumed is transmitted to consumers • It has not kept pace with modern challenges • Security threats from energy suppliers or cyber attack • Limited alternative power generation sources • No solutions for conservative use of energy • Un-interruptible electricity supply • Poor situation awareness • Poor control and management of distribution network • A “SMARTER” grid is needed!

6. Outline • Traditional Power Grid • Smart Grid • What is Smart Grid? • Key Technologies • Challenges • Current Example applications • Conclusion

7. What Is Smart Grid? • Smart Grid is an application of digital information technology to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use • Optimize power delivery and generation • Self-healing • Consumer participation • Resist attack • High quality power • Accommodate generation options

8. What Is Smart Grid? • Optimize power delivery and generation • Advanced efficient power generation • Low loss delivery power lines • Self-healing • Real-time awareness and reaction of system problems • Consumer participation • Consumer can monitor and control “smart appliances” to manage energy use and reduce energy cost

9. What Is Smart Grid? Consumer participation [1]

10. What Is Smart Grid? Added green power sources High-speed, networked connections Plug-in hybrid electric cars Customer interaction with utility Real-time and green pricing signals Smart thermostats, appliances and in-home control devices http://www.worldchanging.com/smarthouse.jpg

11. What Is Smart Grid? • Resist attack • Real time monitoring of power grids • Identify and respond to man-made or natural disruptions • Isolate affected areas and redirect power flows around damaged facilities • High quality power • Reduce high losses due to outages and power quality issues • Those issues cost US more than $100 billion each year!

12. What is Smart Grid? [2] Smart Grid would save 46~117 billion dollars over the next 20 years!

13. Key Technologies • Integrated communications • Fast and reliable communications for the grid • Allowing the grid for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization and security • Can be wireless, powerline or fiber-optics • For wireless • Zigbee • WiMAX • WiFi

14. Broadband over Powerlines • Provide for two-way communications • Monitors and smart relays at substations • Monitors at transformers, circuit breakers and reclosers • Bi-directional meters with two-way communication Key Technologies Generating Plant Transmission Line Substation Distribution System End User [1]

15. Key Technologies • Sensing and measurement • Smart meter technology, real time metering of: • Congestion and grid stability • Equipment health • Energy theft • Real time thermal rating • Electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis • Real time pricing • Phasor measurement units (PMU) • Real time monitor of power quality • Use GPS as a reference for precise measurement

16. Key Technologies Example: FNET-Frequency monitoring NETwork TTU is involved! http://www.cesr.tntech.edu/about%20fnet/default.html

17. Key Technologies • Advanced components • Flexible AC transmission system devices • High voltage direct current • Superconducting wire • High temperature superconducting cable • Distributed energy generation and storage devices • Composite conductors • “Intelligent” appliances

18. Key Technologies • Power system automation • Rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages • Distributed intelligent agents • Analytical tools involving software algorithms and high-speed computers • Operational applications

19. Key Technologies • Fujian power grid, China: • Wide area protection system: • AI programming techniques to calculate control strategies • Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software: • Sensitivity-based successive linear programming method to determine optimal control solution [3]

20. Challenges • IEEE P2030 project defined three task forces: • TF1: Power Engineering Technology • TF2: Information Technology • TF3: Communications Technology

21. Challenges • TF1: Power Engineering Technology • Energy sources • Transmission • Substation • Distribution • Consumer premise • Cyber security • Safety

22. Challenges • TF2: Information Technology • Cyber security • Management protocols • Coordination with TF1 • Provide data storage requirements • Data retrieval performance requirements • Define data interfaces • Coordination with TF3 • Communication link • Topology control • Protocol

23. Challenges • TF3: Communications Technology • Define communication requirements between devices • Identify existing communication standards and definitions for use in Smart Grid

24. Current Example applications • Austin, Texas, 1st Smart Grid city in US http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/15-grid-537x324.jpg

25. Current Example applications • Xcel Smart City in Boulder http://smartgridcity.xcelenergy.com

26. Current Example applications • Energy Smart Miami http://tinycomb.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/smart-grid.jpg

27. Current Example applications • GE “Plug into the Smart Grid” http://ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrid

28. Outline • Traditional Power Grid • Smart Grid • What is Smart Grid? • Key Technologies • Challenges • Current Example applications • Conclusion

29. Conclusion • Smart Grid is the next generation Power Grid • Involve many new technologies • Cooperation within multiple areas of research • $4.5 billions investment by governmentIt’s a big deal!!!

30. References • [1] Craig Eicher, "SmartGridCity: Developing the Smart Grid of the Future", Xcel Energy, Presentation. • [2] Westar Energy, "Smart Grid", Presentation, Jun, 2009 • [3] Jinquan Zhao, Wenying Huang, Zhaoxiong Fang, Feng Chen, Kewen Li and Yong Deng, “On-Line Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control (VSMC) System in Fujian power grid”, Proceedings, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007. • [4] DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, "The Smart Grid: An Introduction" • [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid • [6] Nanjing Nari-Relays Electric Co. Ltd., “Wide Area Protection System for Stability”, www.nari-relays.com

31. Thank You!